By: Hunar Khalil
Supervisor: Mr. Aydin Col
Abstract
Oral microbiology is the investigation and study of the microorganisms in the oral cavity and the connection between the oral microorganisms with each other and with the host and refers to the population of microorganisms. Oral cavity is the most complex and accessible microbial ecosystem of the human body, which contains, teeth, gingival (gums), tongue, buccal mucosa (cheeks) and throat. Human oral cavity is sterile at the beginning of their life when they born, but after that will be contaminated with the various, bacteria, protozoa, and fungi. And the oral cavity is home to a lot of microorganisms which some of them will stay for a period of time maybe hours and days but some of them will stay for a long time. All microorganisms which present in oral cavity doesn’t cause diseases and also may be beneficial, but when there is a good condition for some microorganisms they will start to grow and make problem to the health. When there are diseases in any part or places it needs treatment in order to inhibit this disease to don’t make any problems. Some diseases in oral cavity will be killer if we will not treat them, for example Candida albicans which it is pathogenic yeast. Sometimes they coexist peacefully with other yeast and bacteria, but sometimes their production may be cannot control because of many factors. First it binges to dominating our gut; it affects digestion and weakness of immune system.
In order to know Garlic can inhibit the growth of microorganisms we used Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method by using two types of agar which they are MacConky agar and Mueller Hinton Agar. We have used 26g of each agar with 500ml of distilled water were prepared and autoclaved at 121 C◦ for 20min. We used four Petri dishes to culture the microorganisms. The microorganism’s sample were cultured which taken from my mouth and Transport to Swab. We have used 10g of Black seed grinded by (Stone Grinder) for 20 mints and mixed with 200 ml of distilled water. We putted our sample (Garlic) to inside the Petri dishes and then The Petri dishes were put into the incubator in (37C◦) for 24 hours to see the result. According to our result in this study it shows that Garlic can kill or inhibit the microorganisms to grow in oral cavity. The aim of this study is to find and evaluate the effects of Garlic on the growth of oral micro flora ether they growth or stop the growth or slow down the growth.
Key words: allium sativum; antimicrobial activity; garlic; oral cavity;
By: Kaiwan Babakr Hussein
Supervisor: Mr. Aydin col
ABSTRACT
The oral cavity is the most intricate and the most accessible microbial environment of the human body. More than 7000 microorganisms lives on or inside a host however does not bring about any apparent disease. In any case, this terminology might delude, the same number of microbes can, under specific conditions, be related with human disease. Pistacia atlantica as antimicrobial specialists are perceived as protected common substances to their clients and for the earth and they have been measured at low risk for resistance growth by pathogenic microorganisms. The antimicrobial properties of the natural species are known. The usage of different species of Pistachio as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-atherogenic, hypoglycemia, antitumor and facilitating hepatic function is known. So, it is of interest to evaluate the effect of Pistacia atlantica on bacterial in mouth. The inhibitory effect gum of Pistacia atlantica without extraction of the gum were tested against human oral microorganisms, no effect was shown on microorganisms which were by Kirby-Bauer method with both media Mueller Hinton Agar (gram positive) and MacConkey Agar (gram negative). But in other cases which were used extract of the gum and used another methods, the result shown effect on microorganisms by decreasing the number of microbes.
Keywords: microorganism, gum, Pistacia atlantica, antibacterial
By: Mohammed Muwlood Jameel
Supervisor: Mr. Aydin col
Abstract
There are hundreds of microorganisms which are living inside our oral cavity that composed of different effects on our health. Those microorganisms are mixing with the different kind of food which we eat in our daily life. With optimum environment refers to body temperature and moisture of mouth cavity that help bacteria, fungi, viral species and other microorganisms to live and reproduce with all sources they have. Most of these pathogens are anaerobic organisms and because of that, they need special cultivation methods which weren’t discovered before. Mixing of these microorganisms with oral cavity can Couse may diseases included: dental caries, plaque, acute and chronic oral candidiasis and many other disease effect the oral cavity. Many kinds of food are effected and produce different types of bacteria and other microorganisms which can be sugar-filled, non-nutritious snakes that effect the teeth, sweetened fruit drinks and many other kinds of food. When bacteria connects with those kinds of food inside oral cavity , acid provided in that aria and that will result in oral cavity diseases . To know the effect of food on oral flora, we have chosen one kind of plant which is the Arabic coffee that we drink it in our daily life. In laboratory, I cultured the bacteria with Arabic coffee inside some petri dishes with Kirby-Bauer Method and waited for 24 hours to know its effect on oral flora. As a result of that experiment, there was no any effect of Arabic coffee on our oral cavity. Some studies by Institute, creator of “Food Safety 1995 discovered that there is some effects if we take high amount of coffee which identified by other methods. Another study said that all caffeine in most kind of coffee are effected, but black caffeinated coffee is not effected and that can be found in Arabic coffee. That kind of caffeine composed of many benefits for our mouth like inhibits mouth cancer and plaque-producing bacteria on teeth. So, different studies and different result discovered about the effect of coffee on oral flora but most of the effects depends on how much amount of coffee, food and drinks we take every day and how can we take care about our heath in our daily life.
By: Saman Khidir Junaid
Supervisor: Mr. Aydin COL
ABSTRACT
The mouth is on of the most common gate or place between the body and outside that is why is act like an entry for many microbes especially from the air and during eating. The oral cavity includes protozoa, fungi, viruses, and bacteria. Because those protozoa, fungi, viruses, and bacteria are sometimes cause disease and they make us sick that is why we have to use something to prevent ourselves from being sick, so many years age till know the plant oil and extracts have been used to prevent and treat many diseases, in the other hand plant has a wide use in the food sources and specially the Mentha genus (mint plant) which is has diversity of usages and it can grow almost all over the earth and in many different environments. And it has various medicinal and aromatic values. In this study 10g of fresh mint have used, which collected in the home garden in Erbil, 10g of fresh mint grinded by (Stone Grinder) for 20 mints and mixed with 200 ml of distilled water used in this study, and the aim of this study is to find the mint effect on growth of oral micro flora. And the result showed that mint plant freshly does not have effect on growth of oral micro flora. In conclusion it is better to use mint plant with other extracts to due to have more effect.
Key words: microorganism, micro flora, oral cavity, Mentha, plant extract
By: Zryan Dler
Supervisor: Mr. Aydin Col
Abstract
Oral microbiology is the investigation and study of the microorganisms in the oral cavity and the connection between the oral microorganisms with each other and with the host and refers to the population of microorganisms. Oral cavity is the most complex and accessible microbial ecosystem of the human body, which contains, teeth, gingival (gums), tongue, buccal mucosa (cheeks) and throat. Human oral cavity is sterile at the beginning of their life when they born, but after that will be contaminated with the various, bacteria, protozoa, and fungi. And the oral cavity is home to a lot of microorganisms which some of them will stay for a period of time maybe hours and days but some of them will stay for a long time. All microorganisms which present in oral cavity doesn’t cause diseases and also may be beneficial, but when there is a good condition for some microorganisms they will start to grow and make problem to the health. When there are diseases in any part or places it needs treatment in order to inhibit this disease to don’t make any problems. Some diseases in oral cavity will be killer if we will not treat them, for example Candida albicans which it is pathogenic yeast. Sometimes they coexist peacefully with other yeast and bacteria, but sometimes their production may be cannot control because of many factors. First it binges to dominating our gut; it affects digestion and weakness of immune system.
In order to know Nigella sativa can inhibit the growth of microorganisms we used Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method by using two types of agar which they are MacConky agar and Mueller Hinton Agar. We have used 26g of each agar with 500ml of distilled water were prepared and autoclaved at 121 C◦ for 20min. We used four Petri dishes to culture the microorganisms. The microorganism’s sample were cultured which taken from my mouth and Transport to Swab. We have used 10g of Black seed grinded by (Stone Grinder) for 20 mints and mixed with 200 ml of distilled water. We putted our sample (Nigella sativa) to inside the Petri dishes and then The Petri dishes were put into the incubator in (37C◦) for 24 hours to see the result. According to our result in this study it shows that Nigella sativa can kill or inhibit the microorganisms to grow in oral cavity. The aim of this study is to find and evaluate the effects of Nigella sativa on the growth of oral micro flora ether they growth or stop the growth or slow down the growth.
By: Khalat Nawzad
Supervisor: Chnar Najmaddin
Abstract
This study evaluated the anatomical and palynological studies of investigated cultivars (Capsicum annum cv. biotic and Capsicum annum cv. california) that collected from Agriculture collage fields in Bardarash in Erbil. The anatomical results reveled the midrib outline, lamina and margin shapes are different between cultivars that was significance taxonomical value. As well as the epidermal cells are different, they are polygonal to sinuous with anomocytic, anisocytic and hemiparacytic stomata. The pollen grains shape and size indicate to presence the difference in polar and equatorial view between the taxa.
By: Aram Ibrahim Muhammad
Supervised by
Dr.Karzan Muhsin Barznjy
Dr.Nasraw Mustafa Mahmud
Abstract
Depression is a common mental disorder and is one of the main causes of disabilities worldwide. Lacking thematic depressive disorder assessment methods is the key reason that many depressive patients can’t be handled properly. It is the serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act. It has many causes and many types. In this study we used Beck Depression Inventory for testing our participant during seeking medical advice at hospital and we tested the relationship between cancers and the level of depression. We tested 52 patients and it appeared as a result that the gender, age and the level of education all didn’t affect the level of depression in those cancer patients and the depression didn’t affect the level of cancer patients.
Keywords: Depression, Cancer
By: Halim Hamza
Supervisor: Dr. Karzan Mohammad
Abstract:
Autism spectrum Disorders is a group of developing brain disorders, which the individual face challenges with social engagement and age-appropriate play and fail to develop appropriate peer relationships according to their developmental level. During our study, we reported with children’s parent; this report presents data on the prevalence of diagnosed Autism spectrum Disorders (ASD) we asked some of the questions to the parents about their children. The information that we collected drown in (2018) of Erbil city in two centers (Hanna and Bahoz) center. The prevalence of parent report of ASD among children aged (2_11) years increased the number of children with ASD from (2016 to 2018). It was (2% ) increase to (6%) the magnitude of improvement was more significant for a boy than a girl, and rate of prevalence of Autism day by day it will increase in Erbil city.
Keywords
Autism, Autism spectrum Disorders, prevalence, rehabilitation
By Muhammad Ahmad Muhammad
Supervised by:
Dr. Karzan A. Mohammad
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an inflammatory reply of the urothelium to bacterial attack that is mostly joined with bacteriuria and pyuria. Nevertheless, the present study is aiming to know incidence of UTI in Sulaymaniah, to perform antibiotic resistant study, to evaluate medical treatment, to identify the main causative agents, to know how to prevent this condition, to reach the proper diagnosis, of UTI. Evaluation were done for them by taking full history , physical examination and investigations like general urine examination , complete blood count, renal function test ( serum creatinine, blood uria ) , ultrasound and kidney ureter bladder . All are treated by antibiotic, analgesia and intravenous fluid. Mid-stream urine samples were used for culture and sensitivity. These patients presented for a face to face interview. Data were collected in soft copies and arranged in concerned tables in MS Excel. Our findings were among 60 patients of Sulaymaniah Teaching Hospital and as we know that UTI is common among female mostly. Although mostly 23 patients diagnosed as acute pyelonephritis then another 23 patients as cystitis, moreover 30 patients presented with a sign and symptom of dysuria , fever and frequency, furthermore the duration of symptoms were 1, 2 and 3 days, as it is cleared that in the medical examination we had 24 patients with suprapubic tenderness which was the most recorded medical examination among the others, further the main symptoms of the patients was dysuria which we had 19 cases. Finally the age range of most of the patients were between 21- 40 years. In conclusion our study shows that the 35 female patients more affected than the 25 male patients, while Gentamycin was the most frequent used antibiotic for patients. Further study on Escherichia coli( E. coli) should be done because about 90 % of causative microorganism is E. coli which is sensitive to Gentamycin.
Keywords: UTI, bacteriuria, pyuria, acute pyelonephritis, cystitis
By: Noor Dilshad Hashim
Supervisor: Dr. Karzan A. Mohammad
Abstract
Oral candidiasis knew as oral thrush among other names in candidiasis that occur in the mouth typically on the tongue or inner cheeks. In which this is known as oral candidiasis and that the oral candidiasis is a mycosis (yeast spherical & dimorphic, fungal infection) of Candida species on the mucous membranes of the mouth, also it is commonly present as a superficial infection of the vaginal mucus. In our study, we collect 100 samples from two hospitals in Erbil city (Nanakeli and Raparin hospital) at 10th of Jan to 1st of March of 2018. We examined each sample by culturing and microscope, and we confirm 30 of positive samples by APIc test. The result is 38 patients that have oral thrushes is positive, and most patients are In Nanakeli hospital, and 25 of those positive to culturing and microscopic examination are Candida sp. In conclusion, increasing our understanding of the epidemiology of Candida sp. colonization in children and comparing the two hospitals that the first one has cancer patients and another one has no cancer patients. Which sound that in immunosuppressive patients the opportunistic fungi can grow well and can become infections such as oral thrushes, or vaginal thrushes or infection in the gut, and we can easily find the difference in incidence between two hospitals.
By: Sarah Faris Ghassan
Supervisor: Dr. Karzan A. Mohammad
Abstract
Stem cell therapy is the new trend to heal or prevent a disorder. Stem cells are unspecialized undifferentiated cells, that have the ability to differentiate into specific cells. In addition, stem cells can divide and produce rapidly to make more cells of the same type. The most widely used stem cell therapy is bone marrow transplant for leukemia patients.
The present study is a trial to review and analyze the usage of stem cell therapy in Iraq from to 2009 to 2018. The data showed that stem cell therapy is a doable approach for various diseases. Autologous stem cell transplant, according to the study, is being used to treat tens of diseases in the country some of which have a higher number of cases than others. Out of 1142 studied case the highest number of 385 suffered a spinal cord injury, followed by 165 cases of cerebral palsy, and 154 cerebrovascular accidents. Among the patients who received stem cell therapy, the majority were males according to the recorded data.
Analyzing that data, it has been discovered that the highest rate of diseases was among people aged 21 to 40. Within the timeline of the study, 2017 had the biggest share of the cases. Furthermore, the study also tackled post treatment factors such as physical therapy, mental health, and progress of treatment. In conclusion, the stem cell therapy is a promising approach for common diseases in Iraq and the community’s response is growing higher toward this technique. The offered therapy, however, is scientifically unproven for most of the cases. Improvement has been indicated in several cases, but further investigation is required to follow up the patients after treatment.
Keywords: stem cell therapy, stem cells, autologous stem cell transplant.
By: Abdullah Layth Salih
Supervisor: Dr.samir jawdat
ABSTRACT
Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease caused by a single celled parasite called Toxoplasma gondii. Studies have shown that up to 95% of some populations have been infected with Toxoplasma in many places in the world. Among infected people, very few have symptoms. That’s because a healthy person’s immune system usually stops the parasite from causing illness. However, the infectious disease is very dangerous to pregnant women and people who have weak immune system. Tests are done to detect the presence of Toxoplasma gondii infection. Results of the infection’s test are given as numbers of Igg and IgM and are compared with the standard range.
This study aims to analyze a sample of 50 cases data collected from in 2017-2018 from Rojan laboratory in Erbil city, Iraq. The data showed that Toxoplasmosis has the highest rate of 58% among women aged between 21 to 30. The data also analyzed the IgG and IgM levels in several groups’ ages. All the groups had a high level of IgG compared to IgM.
Keywords: Toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma gondii, Erbil city, women, IgG, igM.
By: Asawer Hasan Abdulsattar
Supervisor: Dr.samir jawdat
ABSTRACT
Platelets, also called thrombocytes, are fragments of cytoplasm produced in the bone marrow, and their role is to stop the bleeding of a blood vessel caused by an injury by the blood clotting process. Thus, having more or less than the safe range of the platelets can be a serious threat to a person’s life.
Immune Thrombocytopenia, or in short ITP, is a common bleeding disorder that is caused mainly by the production of autoantibodies by the immune system. These autoantibodies attack the platelets, resulting in lowering their number in the body less than the safe range which is 150,000 to 400,000 per microliter of blood. ITP affects adults and children equally, but with different types. Adults are at risk of getting the chronic type of ITP, while children tend to develop the acute ITP, especially if they recently got a viral infection. Some observable signs and symptoms can reveal the presence of ITP, such as, bruising, nosebleed or bleeding in the mouth or the skin, and abnormally heavy menstruation. The purpose of the present study is to detect the ITP cases around Iraq for the year 2017, also to find out the causes that may develop or lead to ITP
The data that were collected from forty-one samples, have shown that adults are more susceptible to the disease, since they were the majority (63%), than younger children who were only (37%) of the overall number of samples. For the sexes, ITP in women is more prevalent (59%) than males (41%), due to having a monthly bleeding, menstrual cycle, that decreases the number of platelets in the body. The data were collected from seven different places (provinces) around Iraq. However, (73%) of the samples were from Erbil city. Due to the availability of the healthcare required for the disease. Also the large numbers of refuges found in Erbil city, made the percentage higher than the rest of the provinces. There is a call to work on this research with a larger number of samples for better understanding of ITP in this country.
Keywords:
(Thrombocytes, Blood clotting, Immune Thrombocytopenia, Autoantibodies, Chronic ITP, Acute ITP).
By: Ashty omer muhammmad
Supervisor: Dr.samir jawdat
Abstract
The present intestinal protozoa infection study, investigated the prevalence of intestinal protozoans, among 25310 patients, examined during the period from January to December 2017. The investigation carried on many laboratories in hospitals and health centers distributed among localities in sulaimanya city. Out of 25310
patients examined, 2790 (11.02%), of which were infected with the intestinal parasite, approximately 139.5 patients per 100,000 person. More than four species of intestinal protozoa were recorded in this study, and these identified as follow as: Entamoeba histolytica 61.2%, Giardia lamblia 26.6%,Blastocystis hominis 6.81% , Entamoeba coli 4.38% and others 0.97%. According to the sex of patient’s involvement, we found that males (64.32%) significantly were highly infected than females (35.67%), and about infection of age groups we found that the age groups (1-10 years) and (11-20years) were highly infected than others which were (30.0%) and (30.4%) respectively. The present study indicated that the rate of patients infected in month of June (13.9%) were higher than other months and the lower rate were in months of January and February 8.3% and 9.5% respectively.
Key words: Prevalence ,Sulaimanya city ,risck factor and intestinal protozoa infection
By: Ishik Ejrin
Supervisor: Dr.samir jawdat
ABSTRACT
Intestinal parasites are one of common organism causes diseases among children in the world. Intestinal parasitic infection is one of the most common types of infection in children. A parasite is an organisms that consists single cell, parasite cannot live alone due to live with anther organisms such as human and animals and cause to them some diseases. The best methods to diagnosis parasites are stool and blood tests and also used molecular technic as PCR. Medications used to treat diseases differ depending on the type of infection. Doctors may use antibiotics or antifungal drugs. In most cases, patients can stay at home and maintain a normal schedule. Children should stay out of day care until they are adequately treated and cannot spread the infection. During recovery, patients are advised to drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration. Drought is a condition in which the body is depleted of water, usually due to excessive and non-causing of body fluids, such as sweating, vomiting or diarrhea.The results suggest to study to discover new drugs or medicine to treat intestinal parasite infections.
Keywords: (Intestinal; Protozoa; Infection; Pathogenesis; Immunologic reaction).
By: Sumaya Ismail
Supervisor: Dr. Samir J. Bilal
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is the treatments which the patients used when they reach to the end-stage of disease, and kidney transplantation is improve the quality of life by getting kidney from the donor. Most of the donors in Kurdistan are Arabs, one of the causes of death in kidney transplant recipient is malignancy and cancer is one of the other risks of death at the end -stage of renal kidney transplant. There is immunosuppressive drug for recipient’s patient after kidney transplantation. The aim of our study here is to define the rate of kidney problem among people in Kurdistan region generally and Erbil governor especially to know the reasons behind the high rate of male more than female to do kidney transplantation. In Kurdistan region kidney transplantation is mostly depends on LR donor. We used date from 40 patients from Kurdistan region from Jmhuri Hospital and we did an interview with patients after kidney transplantation who they did from different years , starts from 2005 till 2018, we found out that most of the kidney’s patients recipients are male(65%) and the rest of them were female, the highest age of our study were between( 19-39) after than the elder one above 40 to 60, O blood group was recorded the highest amount among patients which have a bad effect on patients during surgery because they can donate to all other groups but they can’t receive blood, most of the kidney transplantation was done at 2013_2015 but the proportion were decreased in 2017_2018 because of the economic issue. The elder patients have more chance to do a success kidney transplant because of their immunity more than younger. So the rejection is happen more in younger people. Environment has a position in this issue especially inside the big cities because of the unclean substances.
Key words: Age; Gender; (ESRD); Recipient; Blood group O; LRD; LURD
By: Hemn Hussen Naby
Supervisor: Dr. Ibrahim Yaseen
ABSTRACT
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the human neuronal diseases that can affect the nervous system, including the brain and the spinal cord, in form of the myelin sheath deficiency. Although recent treatments for MS reduce inflammation efficiently, these treatments fail to repair the damaged central nervous system (CNS). Cellular treatments, such as stem cell therapy, may provide a new solution for strengthening and regeneration the affected myelin layer through remyelination. The purpose of this research is to review the recent advancement in the MS – stem cell therapy and shed the light on the current clinical MS cases that undergoing stem cell therapy in Erbil. Data collection have been conducted through the observation of the treatment processes and record the clinical manifestations and biochemical measurements of the patients. This approach of treatment might provide a novel strategy of MS therapy in the future.
Keywords: multiple sclerosis, MS therapies, mesenchymal stem cell.
By: Shamal Taib Asad
Supervisor: Dr. Ibrahim Yaseen
Abstract:
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of the dementia illness. The estimations showed that 47 million people in 2015 have dementia, whilst this number would be increased to 130 million by 2050. Stem cells are types of progenitor cells that produced during the advanced steps of the zygote and embryo development to be differentiated into specialised cells. These cells also produced in some adult organs including the bone merrow. Recent clinical studies showed the high potency of these cells to replace the damaged cells in an organ or tissue and provide a stimulating microenvironment to which leads to novel treatment strategy. In this project, we will critically review the recent work carried on stem cells therapy in AD. Data will also include some local information from AD patients undergoing stem cells treatment in Erbil. This technology of treatment would raise a better lifestyle for those who are suffering from the dementia and specifically AD.
Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, stem cells, dementia.
By: Shams Thamer
Supervisor: Dr.Ibrahim Yaseen
Abstract:
Diabetes is a highly frequent disease and is estimated that 5 million people in the UK by 2025 will have this illness. The sugar metabolism that controlled by the insulin hormone in the diabetic patients is affected by either genetic factors or physiological conditions, which address the two types diabetes I & II. Although several methods of treatments have been developed, the complete treatment of the disease still challenging. Stem cells are produced in the embryo during the different development stages and in adults in certain organs. Due to their ability to differentiate into several specialized cells, stem cells addressed a promised approach in the regenerative medicine. In this research, we will review the current development in stem cells recruitment in the diabetes therapy and assess the advancement in the local patients whose treatment has been processed in Erbil’s hospitals. Curing diabetic patients with stem cells may introduce a significant progress in the disease treatment.
Keyword: Stem Cells, Diabetes, cellular therapy
By: Adil Abdulaamid Najeeb
Supervised by: Dr. Rozhgar A. Khailany
Abstract
Kidney stone is a complex disease resulting from environmental as well as hereditary factors and principally composes of approximately 75% calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals, which are formed through a multi-step process. Osteopontin gene was recognized through isolating cDNA from cultured rat osteosarcoma cells in 1986 and located on human chromosome 4 (4q22.1). This gene encodes several non-collagenous bone and dentin proteins. In this study, 93 normal control samples and 92 kidney stonedisease samples that were grouped according to the types of kidney stone disease and clinical characteristics of patients, including gender and average age were observed with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RLFP) technique.58 patients and 43 controls displayed the “C or G” / “C or G” genotype, 48 patients and 34 controls displayed T / “G or C” genotype. Since there is no appropriate restriction enzyme to recognize the G or C nucleotide in that position, it could not be possible to discriminate the C-G nucleotides. Additionally no T/T genotype was observed. The results were found statistically significant by chi-square test (p < 0.05). The results were statistically significant by chi-square test (p <0.05). In conclusion, the polymorphism analysis revealed that the OPN gene can be a risk factor for kidney stone development and recommends that genetic variations in the OPN gene alter individual susceptibility to kidney stone.
Keywords: Kidney stone, osteopontin, polymorphism, PCR-RLFP
By: Adil Hussain Aziz
Supervised by: Dr. Aydin Col
Abstract
An antimicrobial is an agent that slaughters or restrains the development of microorganisms. The microbial agent may be a chemical compounds and physical operators. These operators meddled with the development and generation of causative life forms like microscopic organisms, parasites, infection etc. Antimicrobial Drugs are sedate utilized to treat a microbial contamination. Antimicrobial drugs can be gathered agreeing to the microorganisms they act fundamentally against. Cases anti-microbial s, antifungals, antiprotozoal, and antiviral drugs. For breading E. coli, plastic petri dishes with a diameter of 0.25 inches of antibiotics, Blood agar, MacConkey agar and chocolate agar were used. . For the identifying of microscopic organisms there are four biochemical tests that are:
- (SIM TEST)
- (Urease test) which is identifying the display of Urease proteins
- (Triple Sugar tests) utilized for testing the sugar fermentation.
- (Semi citrate test)
In this research 60 samples were collected the E. coli was 4.4% Resistance to the Tazobactam and it was 93.8% resistance to Ampicillin and 93.2% resistance to Amoxillin.
By: Ahmad Hoshyar
Supervised by: Asst. Prof. Dr. Samir J. Bilal
Summary
A total of 9 specimens of Silurus triostegus, and the research showeded presence of four parasite species containing two protozoa species, namely: Myxobolus pfeifferi and Trichodina ranae, one species of digenetic trematodes Diplostomum spathacceum, one cestode species Botheriocephalus acheilognathi and one nematode species Procamallanus viviparous.
The fishes were examined for exo and endo parasites as soon as possible in life and others are deep frozen in the laboratory and examined in 48 hours after catching.
By: Azmer Abdulqadir Ahmad
Supervisor: Dr. Sundus Sultan
ABSTRACT
Infectious Diseases can be transmitted through direct and indirect contact. There are many diseases which can be transmitted in barbershop between people through the Barbershop supplies. Theses infectious diseases can be bacterial, fungal, or viral which cause serious diseases such as impetigo, lice, itch and HIV. There are many Barbershops with various hair cut styles in Erbil, the capital city of Kurdistan. Some of the shops were clean but expensive while others were cheap but careless about cleanness. Many samples were collected from various places in Erbil barbershops in order to indicate how infectious diseases can be transmitted through barbershop equipment’s. First of all, they were sub cultured in natural agar, after incubating them in the incubator the clean and fungal samples were isolated, but those samples which bacteria have grown on the agar were selected and sub cultured in MacConkey agar and nutrient agar. After getting the results, gram stain was done for those samples to know the ratio of the gram positive and gram negative. It was surveyed and questioned among university students about cleanness and caress of barbers and customers in the barbershops. In conclusion, many diseases including life threatening ones such as HIV that can be transmitted easily to people through barbershop supplies which can cause death or some other diseases such as impetigo, itch and lice. The barbers and customers must be more careful about the dangers of the infectious diseases which can be transmitted easily through the barbershop supplies and cause fatal diseases.
ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL OF MENTHA(MINT) ON SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF SOME PLANT SPECIES
By: bzhar mala jalal
Supervised by: Dr.Saber wasman
Abstract
The utilize of chemical herbicides to reduce weed growth possess risks to environment, health, contamination of water, possess risk to microorganisms. Thus, it is imperative that research into more eco-friendly alternatives is examined. In addition, there are more than 470 biotypes of weeds that provide issues and are resistant to synthetic herbicides.
Peppermint is commonly the most wide spread used plant. This herb regularly develops around 24 inches tall or more, and comprises of purplish, square stems and elliptical purplish leaves with pointed tips, unmistakable veins, and toothed edges. It is therefore, peppermint is used to examine its extracts in weed management throughout its application to seed germination and seedling growth of some crop and seed species.
This experiment was conducted using petri dishes to evaluate effects of peppermint aqueous shoot and root extracts on seed germination and early growth of Horduem vulgare, Triticum aestivum, Cephalaria syriaca, Zea mays. Extracts were prepared from dried shoots and roots of peppermint sampled at the maturity stage. The highest concentration (9%) of aqueous shoot extracts caused a significantly higher reduction in seed germination and seedling growth. However, low concentration (3%) had least effect. On the other hand, root extract had a less negative impact on seed germination and seedling growth than shoot extracts.
By: Halmat Asaad Hasan
Supervised by: Dr. Sabir Wasman Hamad
By: Hannah Kemal Surji
Supervised by: Dr. Sundes Sultan
ABSTRACT
Vitamin D, the sunshine vitamin, is any of the various vitamins that are fat soluble, chemically related to steroids, and naturally found in very few food products. In the skin, it is produced endogenously through the exposure of sunlight (ultraviolet rays), which triggers vitamin D synthesis. Vitamin D deficiency can cause major health risks as it is linked to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, rickets, and osteoporosis. The aims of this study are: 1- to determine the vitamin D levels of individuals (n=275) from different genders and age who were examined in various laboratories and hospitals in Erbil. 2- To evaluate the relation between gender and age with vitamin D deficiency. 3- To determine if vitamin D deficiency is becoming an epidemic in Erbil. 4- To evaluate the major risk factors of this nutritional deficiency. In this project, vitamin D test results were collected from five different laboratories and hospitals in Erbil city, Iraq. A total of 275 samples were collected, including 166 females and 109 males in different ages ranged from 19 years or younger to 60 years or older. The results were divided based on demographic information, including age and gender. The population was further categorized according to the vitamin D levels which consisted of deficient (0 – 20 ng/mL), insufficient (21 – 29 ng/mL) and sufficient (30 – 100 ng/mL). The results have shown that 86% of the female group was below the optimal vitamin D levels, while 82% of the males showed low levels. The results showed that there was no effect of gender and age on vitamin D levels. There was a high percentage of vitamin D deficiency in males and females in Erbil city; therefore, this research suggests that long-term vitamin D supplementation, adequate exposure to sunlight, and a balanced diet rich with enough dosage of vitamin D reduces the risk of multiple health issues.
Keywords: Epidemic, Vitamin D, Deficiency, Health Risks, Erbil
Prepared by: Ismael Maruf Saeed
Supervised by: Asst. Prof. Doctor Samir Jaudat Bilal
Abstract
A total of 17 samples of Mastacembelus mastacembelus were collected from Greater Zab river near the Erbil city, Kurdistan region, north of Iraq, during February to the end of April 2019.In the laboratory, the fish was identified and then fishes have been opened from the abdominal site and the gastrointestinal tract was removed out and examined carefully for cestodes. Live cestodes were recovered from the intestine of the infected fish and examined by compound light microscope and scanning microscope, also histological sections were prepared for some samples. The study showed a number of differential characters of Senga mastacebeli which not revealed during the first description by also during the ultra-structural study it. The study improved that the species S. Mastacembeli is valid species name, also the type host of it M. Simach is regarded as a synonym to M. mastacembeli and the last is regarded as a type host for this cestode. And in this research dissection and inspection of samples showed presence of the cestod Sengamastacembeli prevalence (11.76 %) and mean intensity 0.17 respectively.
Key words: Mastacembelusmastacembelus, parasites,Aski-Kalak, Erbil. Endo-parasites.
By: Jihad baxtiar karim
Supervised by: Dr.Saber wasman
Abstract
The aim of this research was to use of chemic weed killer to frustration the hazard to our domain like, H2O, contamination. Foods, Healthy, it is therefore imperative that research into more ecofriendly alternatives is conducted. Furthermore, approximately about 500 biotypes of weeds that are resistant to chemical herbicides. Terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus L.) is a member of Anacardiaceous family and it is a fruit of turpentine tree which is one type of the 20 Pistacia species. Turpentine tree is localized especially in the shrubs and is found to grow in pine forests or on hillsides. It grows widely in the southern and western regions of Kurdistan and Mediterranean countries. It produces powerful allelochemical compounds that have been shown to affect some crops and weeds. My study was conducted to investigate bioherbicidal properties of terebinth on germination and growth of some crop and weed species. The study consisted of five experiments.
My experiment work with using Petri dishes to evaluate effects of terebinth aqueous shoot extracts on seed germination and early growth of Horduem vulgare, Triticum aestivum, Cephalaria syriaca, and Helianthus annuus s. Extracts were prepared from dried shoots of terebinth sampled at the exact maturity stage. The highest concentration is (9%) of aqueous shoot extracts caused a significantly higher reduction in seed germination and seedling growth. However, low concentration (3%) had least effect. On the other hand, root extract had a less negative impact our experiment,
In the result and conclusion, we inference that terebinth shoot extract plants has a great significantly influence of seed development and seedling growth than other extracts we saw. Although, the application of total phenolic compounds causes significantly more reduction in seed growing and make it earlier. Approximately about one month work with terebinth ground shoot has a greater effect on most parameters measured than aqueous of terebinth shoot extract in experiments, the effects of terebinth one month ground shoot, total phenolic compounds and trifluralin in Petridis experiments indicated that trifluralin have the unique event on seed growing and seedling growth while total phenolic compounds have least effect on seed germination.
By: Mutasim Hazim Wali
Supervisor: Dr. Sundes Sultan
Abstract
In the presence study, Incidence of Escherichia coli, Coliform, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Tap Water (Drinking Water) in Erbil city of 10 different samples of Tap Water was analysed from March 2019 to May 2019. The majority of samples weren’t contaminated with those bacteria, nine samples from ten weren’t contaminated that’s mean 90% of them were not contaminated, while 10% were contaminated with E. coli and Coliform. In presence study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa wasn’t present in any sample or any of water samples doesn’t contaminate with Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteria. The presence of E. coli, Coliform bacteria in tap water (drinking water) is unsafe and unhealthy for drinking water.
By: Nasih Ahmad Hamad
Supervisor: Dr.Aydin Col
ABSTRACT
Escherichia coli as well as known as E.coli is a rod-shaped, facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative coliform bacterium from the Escherichia genus which is generally found in the lower intestine of the (endotherms) warm-blooded organisms, also their cells can live outside the body for partial time. Most strains of E.coli are harmless, however some serotypes of them can led to serious poisoning of the food inside their hosts. For this research the data were taken from (Urine specimen, pyonephrosis drainage specimen, Pus evacuated from Renal pelvis specimen, Vaginal swap specimen, wound specimen, Aspiration specimen, sputum specimen , Fluid specimen, PCN specimen, deep wound swap, Subcutaneous pus specimen, Direct microscope, abscess specimen transplanted kidney, Kidney specimen, leg ulcer specimen). For this research the data were taken from (Urine specimen, pyonephrosis drainage specimen, Pus evacuated from Renal pelvis specimen, Vaginal swap specimen, wound specimen, Aspiration specimen, sputum specimen , Fluid specimen, PCN specimen, deep wound swap, Subcutaneous pus specimen, Direct microscope, abscess specimen transplanted kidney, Kidney specimen, leg ulcer specimen). The E.coli resistance rate to Ciprofloxacin has recorded in a high range in August 29% and had increased rapid in September and November and continuously in 50% in December , and the same record for the Levofloxacin.
By: Pshtiwan Mahmud Ibrahim
Supervisor: Dr. Saber Wasman Hamad
Abstract
The use of chemical herbicides to suppress weed growth possess risks to environment, health, water contamination, possess risk to microorganisms. Therefore, it is imperative that research into more eco-friendly alternatives is conducted. Furtheremore, there are more than 470 biotypes of weeds that are resistant to chemical herbicides.
Peppermint is commonly the most wide spread used plant. This herb regularly develops around 24 inches tall or more, and comprises of purplish, square stems and elliptical purplish leaves with pointed tips, unmistakable veins, and toothed edges. It is therefore, peppermint is used to examine its extracts in weed management throughout its application to planting and seedling growth of some crop and seed species.
This experiment was conducted utilizing petri dishes to evaluate effects of Red cabbage aqueous shoot extracts on seed germination and early growth Horduem vulgare, Triticum aestivum, Cephalaria syriaca, and Helianthus annuus. Extracts were prepared from dried shoots sampled at the maturity stage. The results indicatd that the highest concentration (9%) of aqueous shoot extracts caused a significantly higher reduction in seed germination and seedling growth of most studied crop and weed species. However, low concentration (3%) had least effect.
By Razan Majeed
Supervised by: Dr. Sundes Sultan
Abstract
Water is one of the most essential constituents of life and water quality is considered one of the vital concerns for humans because it is directly linked with their health safety. There are different types of source water such as; rivers, springs, wells and lakes and streams which are considered as source for drinking water. However, recently there are many question marks about the quality of drinking water, because it may be attributed to the growth of different microbes which recognized as pathogenic to humans. The microbiological quality and safety of drinking water is considered now as one of the important subject because it related to public health concerns. The aim of this studies were to examine and analyze the microbiological quality of different brand names of bottled water which collected from various stores in different locations in Erbil city, in order to; i. determine the incidence of E. coli, Coliform, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in different brands of water in Erbil by using Most Probable Number (MPN) test; ii. Drinking water being supplied in Erbil city; iii. Assess the awareness strategies Check the quality of bottled among the people for maintaining the hygiene conditions for storage of drinking water to safe the community health in Erbil city. The results have been shown that there were two different types of bottled water (Life and Sky brands) contaminated with Coliform bacteria. Results of this study suggest that regular water testing is important approach to ensure the availability of contaminated-free bottled water. Simultaneously, awareness among the people and companies whose sale the water in Erbil for more hygienic conditions for storage and sanitize of bottled drinking water is needed to protect the community from using contaminated water.
Key Words: Drinking water, Bacteriological analysis, Most Probable Numbers, pathogens, E. coli, Coliform, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Erbil
By Salar Jamal Ahmed
Supervised by: Dr. Rozhgar A. Khailany
Abstract
Foundation: Contamination with Campylobacter jejuni is a champion among the most generally perceived purposes behind gastroenteritis around the globe ; it happens more regularly than diseases influenced by Salmonella species, Shigella species or Escherichia coli O157: H7. In created nations, the rate of Campylobacter jejuni contaminations top during outset and again as early adulthood. The obstruction of Campylobacter spp. for certain anti-microbials, for example, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, antibiotic medication, nalidixic corrosive, kanamycin and erythromycin has been contemplated. Antibiotic medication opposition is frequently connected with the tet (O) gene, which is carried on transferable plasmids.
Objective: In Campylobacter, antibiotic medication obstruction is encoded by the tet (O) gene and is frequently connected with plasmids in conjugation. In northern Iraqi Campylobacter species, little was thought about antibiotic medication obstruction. Accordingly we researched this opposition in 40 human strains of Campylobacter jejuni.
Method: The identity of the tetracycline resistance tet (O) gene using genetic analyzer based on nucleotide sequencing.
Result: The results of the DNA sequencing revealed that the sequence of queries was 100% identical to the gene of tetO.
Conclusion: These information demonstrate that the tet(O) gene, recently announced all through the world in Campylobacter strains, is available in Iraqi Campylobacter jejuni, which will prompt a more prominent comprehension of the conveyance of anti-microbial opposition in Campylobacter jejuni in Iraq.
Keywords: Campylobacter jejuni, Tetracycline Resistance, DNA Sequencing.
By: SAYFEDDIN SAAD
Supervised by: Dr. Aydin col
ABSTRACT
Throughout the 19th and 20th century, Anti-bacterial agents and antibiotics discovery played a very critical role in advancing and evolving human therapeutics options, in particular the development of anti-biotics to battle against bacterial infections. However, this very euphoria did not go so far as it assumed to be like, due to evolving of some micro-organisms that are able to survive even though by the existence of the anti-biotic agents that commonly kill them. Utilizing anti-biotics is the most significant means to control various bacterial diseases; however, the effectiveness of these drugs is being compromised by the growing levels of resistance. The overuse of antibiotics evidently initiates the development of resistance and has become a worldwide public health threat, as well our city. The global public-health system is facing an actual problem due to the emergence of resistant micro-organisms Moreover, the growing occurrence of resistant and multi-resistant micro-organisms strains globally load a weighty burden on health-care systems and the general public as well. However, the city of Erbil is witnessing a very apparent presence of several types of bacteria that are highly resisting several types of anti-biotics, in which this forms a very huge concerns to public health.
By: Shivan Jumaa
Supervised by: Dr. Sundes Sultan
Abstract:
In this study some of fungal species representing to be recorded. Ten samples of every salted and pure nuts; almond, cashew, Peanut, pistachio and hazelnut have been brought in some places and shops in Tayrawa, Qaysari, and Shekhalla from the Erbil city Iraq. That contaminated by some type aspergillus species fungi was observed in both salted and raw nuts products samples. isolated of all salted nuts was located to expand the resistance to all nuts to see and colonize via way of the fungal for the duration in storage. By using sabourand dextrose agar and potato dextrose agar to prepper the media. And Detection of aspergillus niger on all off the shops and types of nuts, and detection of aspergillus flavus two media and both of them was belong to one place. All samples were negative.
Keywords: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Almond, pistachio, mycotoxins, cashew, Aspergillus, peanut.
Soma Ahmad Rostam
Supervised by
Dr. Sundes Sultan
ABSTRACT
Water quality should be safe and accessible in Erbil which considered as is an important step towards reducing different types of waterborne diseases. Filtered water helps to improve the water taste and removed any type of contamination through the filtration process. In Erbil, the carbon filters system is the most common water filters used which including; faucet filters, reverse osmosis, gravity filters, pitchers/carafes, refrigerator filters. The aims of this study were to check the quality of household filtered water of in different locations in Erbil and to investigate water bacterial quality such as; E-coli, Coliform, and Pseudomonas 10 of different locations in Erbil city. The water samples were collected from household water filtration system from 10 different locations in Erbil in May 2019. The bacterial water quality in this study was done by using MPN methods and the results have been shown there was no presence of any type of bacterial contamination in all the ten samples. The results suggested that filtered water is the best water to drink in Erbil instead of tap water and bottled water to reduce the infectious diseases that transmitted by water and safe the health of Erbil community
Key words: Bacteriological analysis, Household filtered water, MPN, pathogens, E. coli, Coliform, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Prepared by:
Wrya Agha Hassan
Supervised by: Asst. Prof. Doctor Samir Jaudat Bilal
Abstract
Pigeon Colombia domestics is a worldwide pigeon that can be found everywhere, they feed on seeds, plants, and fruits. They make so many health problems for humans. When it was studied, Cestodes and Nematodes species could be found internally throughout dissecting but any Ecto-parasites wasn’t found. The parasites were taken from 9 pigeons. Two Nematode which is Molinues.sp and one Cestodes which is Pulluterina.sp were found the prevalence of Nematodes in the bird intestine was about 22.22% and the prevalence of the Cestodes the intestine of the birds was 11.11%. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence, intensity, and species of pigeon’s internal and external parasites in the Erbil/Kurdistan region between February and April 30, 2019.
Key words: Ecto-Parasites, Endo-Parasites, Pigeon Colombia, Erbil/Kurdistan
By: Yad Sirwan Awrahman
Supervisor: Aydin COL
By: Zanyar Tahssin
Supervised by: Dr. Rozhgar A. Khailany
ABSTRACT
Breast malignancy is the sort of disease that most influences ladies around the globe. It represents around 30% all things considered. KRAS gene is commonly started in around 20 percent of each and every energetic malignancy. Notwithstanding, the further improvement of clinically fruitful KRAS composed harm medicines was typically ineffective and KRAS mutant malignancies are among the most safe medications. KRAS modifies normally happen in numerous adenocarcinomas, for example, lung, pancreas and colon, and mutational enactment of KRAS in these tissues is adequate to instigate neoplasia in mice. The role of oncogene KRAS in later times of neoplastic improvement that is taken after the beginning is still inadequately comprehended. The point of this examination is to explore the presumable mutation and mRNA expression level of KRAS in breast malignant growth patients by following DNA sequencing and RT-qPCR investigation. The investigation included 75 matched control and tumor tests from patients assembled dependent on the kinds of breast malignant growth and the patients’ clinical characters, including age and grade of tumors. The KRAS expression on the level; mRNA was essentially expanded (up-regulated) in tumor tests contrasted with the control tests. Notwithstanding, a heterozygous change (G> A) (GGT/GAT) was distinguished in two patients in the KRAS gene. Therefore, the up-regulated expression of KRAS on the level mRNA can be a hazard factor for breast malignant growth improvement and the changed KRAS expression level can modify individual breast disease affectability.
Keywords: Breasts cancer, KRAS, RT-qPCR, Nucleotide sequencing.
By: Zhilman Sarbaz Yasin
Supervised by: Dr. Rozhgar A. Khailany
Abstract
Recurrent abortion is multifactorial involving clinical and biological risk factors. Evidence addressed the relationship of inherited thrombophilia with repeated pregnancy abortion and other serious pregnancy complications. However, the relation between thrombophilia associated gene mutations and adverse obstetric outcome is controversial and data in the literature are inconsistent. Main Purpose of this research was to exanimate the prevalence of Methylene-Tetrahydrofolate Reductase gene (MTHFR) variations in association with recurrent abortion. A total of 92 samples were screened in the project: 52 women with multiple consecutive abortion and 40 normal controls. DNA of genomic was extracted from whole blood. For evaluate the presence of the both usual A1298C and C677T MTHFR gene variations in the women with recurrent abortion and controls, we employed real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). There is critical distinction in the pervasiveness of 677T/T genotype among ladies with repetitive premature birth and typical controls (P = 0.001). Consequently, the outcomes show significant difference in MTHFR C677T/A1298C genotype distribution among the healthy and women with recurrent abortion; hence, further examinations on bigger populace and other hereditary changes to more readily comprehend the molecular pathobiology of repeated pregnancy are required.
By: Zryan Amjad Hamakareem
Supervised By: Dr.Aydn Col
Abstract
Escherichia coli bacteria: is a group or a type of bacteria which are a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium, of the genus Escherichia that can be found in the intestine of the warm-blooded organisms, most of the E. coli’s are harmless ,but still some of the serotypes may cause of poisoning of the blood in which their hosts , the harmless strains are a normal micro biota in the gut , and the host can get benefit because it can synthesis vitamin K2 and colonizing the intestine from those bacteria which are cause of bacterial pathogen , as a symbiotic relation, this bacteria is expelled to the environment by fecal and E.coli can live in a variety of places can grows in aerobic conditions, and also can use as a mixed-acid fermentation in an anaerobic conditions.
By: Abdulkadir Azad Hamad
Supervised by: Dr Saber Wasman
Abstract
Watercress (Nasturtium nasturtium) is a medicinal herb with a number of biologically active substances Biological structures. (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) Herb from the Cruciferae family , native to Europe and an economically valuable herb in Portugal, with comprehensive uses in Local Kitchen. Fresh watercress leaves are used as salad greens, or maybe steamed and eaten as normal, cooked food. Watercress supplies quite a number of vitamins C and Provitamin A, folic acid, iodine, iron, protein and, in particular, Calcium and Sulphur compounds can influence its characteristics Smelling, whilst also having dietary benefits. Describing and explaining the all parts of the watercress and phenolic compound and soil allelopathy.
In conclusion, watercress shoot extract from plants which are two months old has a far greater effect on seed germination and seedling development than other extracts. The usage of complete phenolic compounds often triggers a substantially greater reduction in seed germination and early development. In pot tests, two-month watercress field shoot has a greater impact on most calculated parameters than aqueous watercress shoot extract. In addition, the effects of two-month ground shooting of watercress, total phenolic compounds and trifluralin in pot experiments indicated that trifluralin had the greatest effect on the germination of seed.
By: Adam Jalal Mohammed
Supervised by: Dr. Mohammed Merza
Abstract
Background: high rate of SUA which known as (hyperuricemia) was affirmatively linked to high blood pressure which known as (hypertension), still this link needs more exploring, whether this link is free from other cardiovascular risk factors and adiposity.
Methods: In cardiac centre hospital in Erbil, 182 patients rolled in our study (113 males and 69 females; age >25 years) at the beginning of the research they were free from high blood pressure (hypertension) within September 2019– January 2020. A total of 182 participants were initially enrolled at cardiac centre in Erbil September 2019 to January 2020.
Result: within our data pattern features of the 182 members are exposed, in addition to the mean of serum UA concentration was meaningfully higher among the men than within the women. Higher rates of blood glucose, BMI, triglycerides, waist circumference, creatinine together with blood pressure were corresponded with high rate of serum UA. We noticed that those patients that had high rate of serum UA quartile in addition they had 3 or more components of the metabolic syndrome, they had more hazard to have hypertension than those who had low rate of serum UA without having any component of metabolic syndrome.
Conclusion: Within this study a positive link among high rate of serum UA with occurring high blood pressure (hypertension) within Kurdish community in Erbil (Kurdistan regional government) was proposed.
KEY WORDS: Hyperuricemia, Hypertension, Uric acid, Creatinine. Cholesterol, triglycerides, blood glucose, obesity.
By: Awezan Arsalam
Supervised by: Asst. Lecturer: Mr. Rozhgar A. KHAILANY
Abstract:
Background and Objective: Infertility is considered as common problem which faces the couples, within each 6 couples at least one couple will safer infertility problems . However, numbers of cases of the male infertility remains idiopathic, it’s been shown that genetic factors have identified effect on fertility including chromosomes abnormalities. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to show the different types of structure chromosome abnormality related to human male infertility. Mainly the microdeletions of the AZF region impacts on male infertility in Kurdistan region.
Methods: A total of 121 samples were collected at Zheen International Hospital in Erbil, Iraq. The study included 61 azoospermia samples and 60 healthy control samples. The blood samples of the azoospermia cases stored at -20˚C until DNA extraction.
Results: A total of 61 infertile men who were candidate for ICSI were selected. Of these patients, 8 cases have deletions in more than one region of AZF loci on Y-chromosome but no microdeletion was detected among control group. Totally 16 micro-deletions were investigated. Among the regions, AZFc had the most microdeletions 38% followed by AZFa 30% and the AZFb microdeletions have the less frequency 19%. In this study, among patients with microdeletion 3 case had deletions in all three AZF regions.
Conclusions: Chromosomal abnormality in general, and AZF region microdeletion of Y chromosome have sufficient impact on human male infertility. AZFc had the foremost microdeletion while AZFa ,AZFb got lower within AZF regionswhich relevant with worldwide data that have been worked on Y Chromosome Microdeletion.
KEY WORDS; Male infertility, chromosomal abnormality, AZF, microdeletion
By: Bawar Qadr Ahmad
Supervised by: Asst. Lecturer: Mr. Rozhgar A. KHAILANY
ABSTRACT
Background and objective: One of the world wide substantial problems in human binges society is the man infertility, Nevertheless, male infertility remains idiopathic in numbers of cases of the, it’s been shown that genetic factors have identified effect on fertility including chromosomes abnormalities. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to shed a light on the impact of numerical chromosome abnormalities on the male infertility in Kurdistan region based on the chromosomal analysis process.
Material and method: A total of 175 samples were collected at Zheen International Hospital in Erbil, Iraq. Including 100 azoospermia (Infertile) samples and 75 healthy control samples. Then by G-banding the carried out of the karyotype analysis takes place After sample processing for all of them.
Result: Among 100 azoospermic patients it was found that 22 individuals have Klinfilter syndrome. The study showed strong and significant association between Klinefelter syndrome and infertility. Statistically was significant (p = 0.0001, T-test; p > 0,05).
Conclusion: Our results suggests that a high genetic defect such as Klinefelter’ syndrome existence in male azoospermia. However, previously this study has been reported but not in Kurdistan region of Iraq. Moreover, it is very obvious that cytogenetic analysis is strongly suggested due to chromosome abnormalities in high prevalence over all infertile male in order to accurate detection and explaining if any chance would exist for instance the process of testicular sperm extraction (TESE)/ICSI and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment.
KEY WORDS: male infertility, chromosomal abnormality, azoospermia, Klinefelter syndrome
By: Brwa Qanih Hamad
Supervised by Saber Wasman Hamad
Abstract
In this study the impact of aqueous leaf extract of Trichodesma africanum L. on seed germination, development, chlorophyll, metabolites, ATP-ase action, NADHoxidase movement and oxide substance in Portulaca oleraceaL. dashes was investigated. The comes about show that watery leaf extract of T. africanum reduced seed germination, root length, shoot length, chlorophyll substance, soluble carbohydrate, insoluble carbohydrate and add up to carbohydrate substance. Moreover, the leaf extract of T. africanum decreased the dissolvable protein, insoluble protein and total protein substance. In expansion, the treatment driven to an increment in H2O2, and therefore the activities of NADH-oxidase in P. oleracea dashes. In any case, the treatment caused a discount in ATP-ase action in a very concentration-dependent way. The results indicate the conceivable application of T. africanum fluid leaf extract natural bioherbicide of P. oleracea and typically an financial procedure.
Keywords
Trichodesma africanum, Portulaca oleracea, seed germination, growth, chlorophyll, metabolites.
By: Daroon Sahdoon Ghareeb
Supervised by: Dr. Mohammed Merza
ABSTRACT
Objective: To assess the prevalence of hypertension in Erbil town among people with diabetes mellitus (DM).
Materials and Methods: Hundred and twenty-two diabetics were tested for hypertension using a sphygmomanometer in the cardiac center to assess their blood pressure in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan Province Some Other data collected included age , sex, DM form, weight , height, body mass index, and the ratio of waist hip.
Results: Fifty nine out of 122 Those with hypertension yielded a prevalence of 48.3%. 31 males (58%) They were hypertensive compared to 28 females (52%), but this gap was not important (P > 0.05). 39 (82.9%) Of the 42 subjects of type 1, 58 (77.3 %) had hypertension and this disparity was statistically important (P < 0.05) among those of type 2.
Conclusions: Hypertension is normal in DM patients. Studies have shown that good blood pressure regulation decreases the microvascular and macrovascular DM complications. To regulate hypertension in patients with DM, DM care providers must prescribe effective antihypertensive therapy.
Keyword : Hypertension , Diabetes , Prevalence , Mellitus , significant , Control , macrovascular , microvascular , hypertensive.
By: Firdaws Jamal Rashid
Supervised by: Asst. Lecturer: Mr. Rozhgar A. KHAILANY
ABSTRACT
Background and Objective: Cervical cancer is the most common female malignancy cancer after breast cancer. The molecular findings have shown that particular kinds of human papillomavirus (HPV) are the major causes of cervical cancer which can be differentiated into two groups: the high and low risk according to the cancer association. Our aim was study to identify the correlation of HPV infection and cervical cancer occurrence through pre-analyzed and highly reliable evidences in Kurdistan.
Methods: A total of 152 samples were subjected to our study, the cervical swab samples of the suspected women cases stored at -20˚C until genomic isolation. These samples were subjected to nested multiplex PCR targeting 134 bp L1 capsid gene employing GP+/mGP+ primers and typing of genotypes-16 and 18, targeting E6/E7 gene employing primers the mGP + primers were designed by trimming bases from 5’ ends of GP + primers for this study.
Results: The study was detected 37 positive HPV DNA sequences from the cervical samples; 16 sample was HPV high resolution and 21 samples was HPV low resolution.
Conclusions: Compared to the last years, the prevalence of cervical cancer has dramatically increased, and the HPV role in this change cannot be ignored, therefore the NMPCR detection of HPV 16/ 18 along with other techniques might be a crucial for screening of the cervical cancer.
KEY WORDS: Cervical Cancer, HPV, NMPCR.
By: Gashbin Kamal
Supervised by: Saber Wasman Hamad
Abstract
some crops and weed flora were sensitive towards extracts of radish plant. Tokura and Nóbrega (2006) determined that the aqueous extract of radish introduced allelopathic impact in the germination and in the preliminary development of corn plantlets. Koseli (1991) confirmed that regrowth of Johnson grass rhizomes
have been suppressed by incorporation of above and underground components of radish. wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) aqueous extract at more than a few tiers and radicle boom of some weeds used to be inhibited (Norsworthy, 2003). Turk and Tawaha (2003) discovered that germination and seedling increase of wild oat (Avena fatua) was inhibited by using aqueous extracts of black mustard (Brassica
By: Haneen Suleman War Qarban
Supervised by: Asst. Lecturer: Mr. Rozhgar A. KHAILANY
ABSTRACT:
Background and objective: Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), the main result of thrombophilia, is a heterogeneous disorder that affects women in the reproductive age. It causes repeated failed pregnancy before reaching 20 gestational weeks and it is commonly diagnosed within about 20% of all pregnancies. Along with other studies for the last two decades, it was ensured that the occurrence of different mutations in FVL is considerable to be the main risk factor that is highly responsible for developing this disorder. The purpose of this study includes estimating the prevalence of Factor V Leiden (FVL) mutations in women who suffered from recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) in the Kurdish population for the year 2020.
Material and Method: The data that were collected from a total of 197 samples, which include 102 recurrent abortion samples and 92 healthy control samples by the Zheen International Hospital in Erbil, Iraq.
Result: The results from the study indicated the obvious difference between the normal FVL and its mutant form as (p = 0.0002, T-test; p > 0,05), which can be summarized as having a mutation that changes the genetic from of the FVL gene can directly affects its protein expression. As a result, developing RPL in women who have the mutant allele of FVL. The results we got from the present study support that FVL mutation status is significantly associated with RPL.
Conclusion: The results have shown an obvious association between FVL and RPL. Therefore. Testing for having FVL mutation for women with unexplained RPL might be a very good idea as a considerable standard of care worldwide.
Keywords: Recurrent pregnancy loss, Factor V Leiden, thrombophilia, coagulation process, protein expression
By: Hezhin FarsHamamurad
Supervised by: Soran Kayfi
Abstract
Multidrug resistance is considered big issue nowadays. Antibiotics have played a crucial role in controlling of infection; nevertheless, the inappropriate taking of antibiotics have resulted in the emergence of resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics. This has caused an increased interest in medicinal plants. Natural medicinal plants are considered the natural resources in production of new medication. Nature has been a source of medicinal agent for thousands of years and an impressive number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources, based on their use in traditional medicine. Additionally, Plants synthesize secondary metabolites and phytochemicals and have great potential to act as therapeutics
Citrus lemon is among these plants which exerts the potential effects on human’s health especially as antimicrobial. Moreover, the biological effect of this plant is due to the high content of plant’s secondary metabolites.
Lastly, the main focus of this mini-review is to emphasize the potential benefits of C. lemon mainly the antimicrobial effects and the importance of phytochemical contents inside the plant.
By: Khadija Anwar
Supervised by: Soran Kayfi
Abstract
since long time Plants have been used to treat health problems and to cure diseases including infections that caused by microorganisms. Awareness of the significance and healing properties have been transferred within communities over many centuries. Plants are considered an important source of secondary metabolite which adverse noticeable effects on human body. Moreover, these secondary metabolites which could be effective against microorganisms. Resistance of microorganisms against commercial medicine leads to seek an alternative way to overcome this issue.
Citrus sinensis is a rich source of secondary metabolites which contribute to the pharmacological activities attributed to this plant. Several types of chemical compounds have been identified in fruits, peel, leaves, juice and roots of Citrus sinensis
Many pharmacological investigations have been conducted to explore the properties of Citrus sinensis. to verify its consumption as a multi-use medicinal agent including different extraction methoads and solvents to emphasize the benefits of this plant. This presents review important botanical, chemical and pharmacological characteristics of Citrus sinensis —a species with valuable pharmaceutical properties Thus, in the present work, Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) with emphasis on their antimicrobial properties are reviewed
Key words:
Medicinal plant, Citrus sinenis, Phytochemicals, Antimicrobials
By: Muthana Esam Hashim
Supervised by: Neslihan ÖZTAŞ
Bacterial infections are one of the leading causes of death world-wide, and with the rising of resistance in nearly all bacteria, which made the treating of these infections significantly difficult. So, these infections need a huge development of antimicrobial medications in treating these infections, this led to the emergence of antibiotic resistance among different strains of microorganism. Generally, in Iraq and especially in Kurdistan region there is a rising concern about the antimicrobial resistance. P.aeruginosa is one of the most frequent species reported among burn patients there. Some studies in Erbil city exhibited that 86% of isolations were MDR and the chromosomal beta-lactamases was the common reason. This study displays the sensitivity and resistance of Fluoroquinolone, Carbapenem, Cephalosporin, and Ureidopenicillin among P.aeruginosa bacterial strains. Overall, the sensitivity of all these classes were close except the Fluoroquinolone, which was extremely low in compare with the other drugs.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the sensitivity of several selected antimicrobial drugs against Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterium. as well as to draw a future research line for a further study to display a bigger picture around the increasing resistance rates of microorganisms within the possible treatment options.
Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, antimicrobial, drug, resistance.
By: Nuha Nawsheroan Muhammed
Supervised by: Dr. Mohammed Merza
ABSTRACT:
Background: Measurement of blood urea and serum creatinine in control group and patients for the estimation of kidney function in heart failure patients.
Aim: The aim of the research to illustrate the effect of heart failure on serum creatinine and blood urea as an indicator of renal function.
Method: Thirty patients of heart failure attending rizgari teaching hospital and cardiac center (patients group) and thirty normal persons (control group) were included in the study; serum urea and creatinine were measured for both groups in the Biological Experimental Laboratory All data are expressed as mean ± SD. Students test used to statistically analyze the differences between mean levels with baseline along the overall period of the study. A statistically significant value of p<0.05 has been considered.
Result: Serum creatinine level in patients group (1.3 + 0.89) significant elevation was seen (P=0.018) compared with the control group (0.7 +0.32), As well patients also displayed a significant elevation (P=0.004) in blood urea level (72.5 + 65.3) in comparison with control healthy persons (24.3 +7.2).
Conclusion: As shown in the results heart failure has a significant effect on the Kidney function as indicated by the significant elevation of serum urea and serum creatinine. In conclusion, Levels of serum creatinine and blood urea may have value as a quantitative trait to establish the severity of heart failure as indicated by kidney function.
Key words: heart failure, kidney function, blood urea, serum creatinine.
By: Pshu Kareem
Supervised by: Asst. Lecturer: Mr. Rozhgar A. KHAILANY
Abstract
Background and objective: Two times or more fetal loss before the fetus arrive to growth is called recurrent pregnancy loss RPL. Consider RPL has different cause, the pathophysiology of RPL is hard, tough, and poor to understood. Therefore, the estimate between PAI-1 4G5G polymorphism and RPL is associated.
Material and Method: A total of 143 samples were collected from the Zheen International Hospital in Erbil, Iraq. Among them, 82 repeated pregnancy losses samples and 61 healthy control samples were taken.
Result: There is significant association in the PAI-1 4G4G and PAI-1 4G5G genotypes among ladies with recurrent abortions and normal samples. Statistically was significant (p = 0.0001, T-test; p > 0,05).
Conclusion: The present study showed that the Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1(PAI-1 4G/5G) polymorphism correlated with the RPL.
Keywords: Recurrent pregnancy lose, PAI-1 4G/5G, Polymorphism, Plasminogen
Prepared by: Rozhbin Younis Mohammed
Supervised by: Doctor Saber Hamad
Abstract
Because of fast spreading of the Nobel Corona Virus which is a global issue and affected everywhere. All places and ways to wanted place were prohibited to reach and closing all academic places. This research could not do any laboratory experiments, instead it reviewed one of the researches that was been done about the same plant before. This study conducted to find out the allelopathic potential of Raphanus sativus L. roots aqueous extracted on growth and germination of, barley crops, weed plants and wheat (Brassica napus, , Phalaris minorand, Avina fatua,), in order to show the ability of using this extract as a herbicides. Results indicated the importance influence of different concentration 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of aqueous extracted which compared to control 0% treatments on germination inhibition percentage, germination speed, germination percentage, Plumule and radical length, plunule and radical elongation velocity, Plumule and radical dry weight, seedlings entire dry weight, shoot-root ratio and seedlings vigor index. Among five studied plants species Barley and wheat were stronger than the other studied weed plants. In this study the influence were concentration dependent on all studied parameter, in the moment the effect of cooperation between concentration and plant species gave rise to important differences with determined features for both crop plants comparing to the other weed plants. Soothe radish aqueous extracts showed herbicidal influence on studied weed plants.
Key Words: Allelopathy, Radish Plant, Germination, Seedling Plants
By: Shangul Hassan Rashid
Supervised by: Neslihan ÖZTAŞ
Abstract:
The increase of pathogens which is resistant to antibiotics and the increase in the rate of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacterial infections are one of the major challenges for health system and represent significant problems for community health nowadays. The effects of inadequate antibiotic administration commonly meet in gram-negative bacilli, especially in pseudomonas aeruginosa which is notorious for its pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance. P. aeruginosa is a gram negative, rod shaped bacillus which is broadly spread in hospital environment and in nature being the reason for hospital acquired infections resulting in excruciating life frightening infections because the bacterium spread speedily from the area of epithelial colonization to blood stream. Antibiotics are active chemotherapeutic agents which are ‘wonder drugs’ to fight and combat bacteria, they generally can eliminate the majority of bacteria inside the host. Some drugs of cephalosporins are known as antipseudomonal antibiotics because of their activity against p. aeruginosa but the potential development of resistance has weakened the success of using any therapeutic agent from the first time which such compound has been used. The aim of this study is to review the reasons of p. aeruginosa resistance with its mechanism and show the potential role of cephalosporins on p. aeruginosa with its adverse effects.
By: Sherwan Mohsin Othman
Supervised by: Neslihan oztaş
ABSTRACT
Klebsiella pneumonia bacteria are bacteria that is mostly harmless to human, but there is also some pathogenic one that the human can be infected with. B-lactam was one of the most efficient antibiotics to treat Klebsiella pneumonia infections along with other kind of antibiotics. recently less ability of aminoglycoside to Klebsiella pneumonia infections can be absorbed worldwide because of gaining the resistance from Klebsiella pneumonia to almost all antibiotics, particularly aminoglycoside which this research focus on. So, this research has been done to identify and determine the Klebsiella pneumonia resistance to aminoglycoside and its spreading in Erbil city. For this purpose, some samples were got from the year 2020, From infected patient by Klebsiella pneumonia bacteria. Then tested by two groups of aminoglycosides that were include amikacin and gentamicin to them, to examine either the Klebsiella pneumonia is sensitive or resistance to certain antibiotics. The results that have got from the study were too high amount of Klebsiella pneumonia resistance to each of aminoglycoside that has been used. It shows somehow ineffectiveness of this antibiotics against Klebsiella pneumonia anymore if couldn’t resist its rapid spreading. Klebsiella pneumonia gets stronger continuously. There are some solution and advices that has been provided in the paper for people to prevent its strength anymore against used antibiotics.
By: Shivan Khdir
Supervised by Dr. Mohammed Merza
ABSTACT:
Background and objectives: Despite the growing popularity of electricity drinks consumption, there are worries related to the safety and effectiveness of this type of drink. The intention of the present study was to evaluate the adjustments in blood biochemical parameters in young people in Erbil city.
Material and methods: Twenty four wholesome male and woman volunteer topics of range 19-30 years’ age bump off 250 ml of Tiger® beverage per day for one successive day after move design. The biochemical checks were evaluated before and after consumption, in the laboratory analysis the use of wellknown methods.
Results: There have been statistically great reduce in serum albumin, total protein, and GOT degrees before and after consumption of energy drink (Tiger beverage) (p<0,05). However, electricity drink consumption has no huge variations in serum electrolytes, urea, uric acid, creatinine, glucose, lipid profile, GPT, ALP, amylase, direct and whole bilirubin, and minerals.
Conclusion: These effects confirmed that power drink consumption may lead to hepatic injuries and to surprising metabolic modifications. Further studies are required to elucidate whether energy drinks are a safe choice for athletic and cognitive overall performance enhancement.
Key Words: energy drink, public health, hypertension, caffeine, adolescents.
Prepared by: Zalal abas Mohammed
Supervised by: Doctor Saber Hamad
Abstract
Because of spreading the corona virus which is a global issue affected everywhere, that’s why every academic places are closing .and this research was been review research because that there is no laboratory experiment the just reviewed one research which was been done before about the effect of phenolic compound on plant. This study focus on effect of phenolic compound on plant growth and germination. Which phenolic compound was secondary metabolism acts as allelochemical which the effect on the plant. The plant contenting different types of phenolic compounds like (chloragrnic acid, syrigic acid, protocatechuic acid, synoptic acid) was effect on seed germination seeding growth of (Cephalaria syriaca,Triticum aestivum). And when four seed placed in each petri dish and add each phenolic in each petri dish the seed germination and seedling growth after seven day. Also that phenolic compound effect on the shoot length, seed germination and root length, shoot dry weight, root dry weight. While the phenolic compound found in different concentration in plant because that the phenolic had different effect on seed germination or plant growth.
Key word: Allelopathy, phenolic compounds, allelochemicals
By:Zana Hamid
Supervisor :Dr.Sabir
Abstract
The study of those microorganisms living in the oral cavity is called Oral microbiology. Microbiology is also deals with the relation between these microorganisms and their relation with hosts as well. (Lamont, Hajishengallis& Jenkinson 2014) Oral cavity is compassed of throat, tongue, teeth, gums and cheeks.(Amerongen&Veerman 2002 ) It is the most complicated ecosystem for microbes in the human body. The oral cavity in human being is clean and sterile at the time of birth but it would be covered by fungi, bacteria or protozoa day by day. Moreover, it is the place where some microorganisms would live in for either a short period or long period. These microorganisms are either useful or harmful. When they get suitable conditions the start to grow up in oral cavity and many of them cause health disorders. There are some health problems caused by oral microorganisms that can cause even death. For example Candida albinos, If there reproduction exceeds normal range they will control our digestion system and it causes problems in human immunity system.
Nigella sativa can be used to control oral microorganisms. To show this we tried the disk diffusion of Kirby-Bauer. We used Muller Hinton and MacConky agars. 26g of Muller Hinton agar and 26g of MacConky agar are poured in to 500ml distilled water. Then they are autoclaved (pressure cooked) at 1210c for twenty minutes. We tried to culture microorganism from our mouth. By using swab we put the cultured microorganism into four petri dishes. We bring ten grams of black seed then we grind them by using stone grinder for about twenty minutes. After that, we power the grind black seed into 200ml of distilled water. Then we put this sample into the four petri dishes. We put the dishes into an incubator at 370c temperature for twenty fourhours. At a result we see that there is an obvious effect of the sample on the microorganism in fact the sample is nigella sativa and it can be observed that the microorganism are killed or controlled. The aim of this research is to show how nigella sativa effects the grow of oral microorganism.
By: 1.Afnan Abdurrahman
2.Rayan Sardar
3.Maria Othman
Supervised by: Dr. Mahmoud Abdulrahman Dogara
Abstract
Traditional medicinal plants with potential have contributed considerably
to the development and history of the contemporary healthcare system.
Plants with medical properties continue to be the sole viable option, as
they gain worldwide acceptance and acknowledgment. Global microbial
resistance has necessitated the research of plant parts for the development
of effective antimicrobial medicines. The study aimed to evaluate
Saussurea costus against some selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative
bacterial strains. Material and methods: ethanolic and aqueous extract was
used against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using two
different concentrations 1 and 2 g/mL, respectively, using the ager method.
The moderate zone of inhibition was recorded with both extract with the
highest inhibition zone of aqueous extract against S. aureus 4 mm. The
found the aqueous extract to be effective against all tested strains with
moderate zone of inhibition. The study recommends further studies on the
crude extract to identify the active constituent of the plant.
By: 1.Ahmad Fathullah Hassan
2.Dahat Nawzad Abdulrazaq
3.Rawa Ibrahim Muhammad
Supervised by: Dr. Mahmoud Abdulrahman Dogara
Abstract
Coronaviruses are enveloped, positive single‐stranded large RNA
viruses that infect people, but also a good range of animals. The virus
was discovered in 1960 as a single stranded RNA with a wide range of
characteristics. The new coronavirus results in complicated health
problems all over the world. Also results in the depletion of the world
economy. To determine the level of awareness of the people of Kurdistan
Toward prevention of Covid-19 in the Region. Methodology: Non
purposive sampling was employed in the study with the aid of an in-depth
interview guide. The research was conducted was conducted from 20th of
October 2021 to10th of March 2022. Data had computed based on the
administer questionnaire and subjected to statistical analysis at p>0.005
using SPSS software. Good levels of knowledge and practice, with both
positive and negative attitudes, were shown among participants. The study
found an affirmative relationship between attitudes and knowledge and
the resulting practice. The study found people of Kurdistan are well
knowledgeable on preventing themselves from gotten infected from Covid
19 virus. The study recommends continue sensitization of the populace of
Kurdistan by the government and other nongovernmental organisation to
avoid widespread of any kind of pandemic in future.
By: 1Muhammed Burhan
2.Deraw Ahmed
3.Ahmed Muhammed
Supervised by: Mr.Harmand A. Hama
Abstract
Beta thalassemia is an autosomal genetic disorder which appears in a
recessive form due to mutations in HBB gene. Currently there are more
than 200 mutations that occur in HBB gene which results in deficiency to
produce beta globulin protein chain which phenotypically can be
presented as major, minor, and intermediate. So, the aim of this study is to
report the common mutations of beta thalassemia among Kurdish
population in Erbil, Kurdistan region of Iraq.The data was collected from
Zhin International Hospital in Erbil, and the frequency analyses method
has been applied. A total of 48 samples were studied. The peripheral blood
samples of the cases stored at -20˚C until DNA extraction. 16 different
mutations in HBB gene have been detected among 48 samples, the
frequency of detection was IVS2-1G>A, then followed by IVS-1-5G>C
(14.583%), IVS1-1G>A, CD 8 (-AA), IVS1-110G>A, IVS1+6T>C, E6V,
cd8/9+G, E121Q, CD 36/37 (-T), c.-138 C>T, CD 2 CAT>CAC, CD 44 -C, IVSII-16 G<C, cd39C>T, and c.−80T>A respectively. Moreover, in regards to
zygosity among detected variations 42 were heterozygous, 4 mutations
were homozygous, and 2 were compound heterozygous. In conclusion,
detection of common mutations in HBB gene among Kurdish patients in
Erbil facilitate us to provide more information about beta thalassemia in
Kurdistan region. Moreover, based on our findings, the high frequency and
distribution of common mutations, can be shows that β-thalassemia as the
public health problem in Erbil.
By: 1.Aras Zikri
2.Hiwa Hmid
Supervised by: Dr.Muhammed Mirza
Abstract
This study aimed to establish a prognostic model for prediction preeclampsia, by assessing the predictive value of the opiorphin and alpha-II
spectrin breakdown product to rule out the onset of pre-eclampsia, as well
as to develop a specific biomarkers to aid in diagnosis, prognosis, and
prediction of pre-eclampsia.The study was conducted on a total of 70 preeclampsia patients who have visited hawler medical center between 2021-
2022. The random sample collected data has included age and gender in a
case of this year, and treatment which patient has taken. Frequency and
percentage analysis has included SPSS program version 26. Although no
significant difference was seen in newborn’s weight and head
circumference between the two groups, mean newborns’ length (51.3 ±
1.7 vs. 50.3 ± 1.2 cm, P = 0.03) was significantly higher in opiorphin and
alpha ii spectrin group than that in the placebo group. Compared to the
placebo, consumption of opiorphin and alpha ii spectrin resulted in
increased levels of serum calcium (+0.19 vs. −0.08 mg/dL, P = 0.03),
magnesium (+0.15 vs. −0.08 mg/dL, P = 0.03), zinc (+8.25 vs. −21.38
mg/dL, P = 0.001) and Vitamin D (+3.79 vs. −1.37 ng/ml, P = 0.01) .In
conclusion opiorphin and alpha ii spectrin in 9 week resulted in increased
newborn’s length, increased circulating levels of maternal serum calcium,
magnesium, zinc and Vitamin D.
By: 1.Avan Saadi
2.Shivan Ibrahim
3.Shiraz Sarbast
Supervised by: Mr.Harmand A. Hama
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, which is
considered as multifactorial disease that several factors have including
age, gender, family history and socioeconomic status of the patient have
impact on its incidence. Accordingly, the aim of the current study was to
investigate the influence of socioeconomic, cultural habits, and patients’
awareness on breast cancer incidence and prognosis among patients in
Erbil, Kurdistan region of Iraq.The study was conducted using direct
interviewing of 67 patients who were visiting Nanakaly Hospital to get
their chemotherapy and/or other needed treatments between November
2021, and March 2022. The interview was done based on a questioner that
have been prepared by researchers. The questioner focused on
demographic status, personal and familial educational background,
economic status, and patients’ awareness toward the breast cancer. For
the collected data frequency and correlation analysis have performed. The
age of patients was between 25 to >60 years old, and 86.56% of
participants were living in Erbil city center. Moreover, most of the patients
47 were illiterate or having only basic education and the majority 82%
were unemployed while only 13.5 % were employed. Furthermore, the
frequency analysis regarding to the economic have shown that, among the
patients 70% were in middle class, whereas 15% were both high and low
economic class patient. In addition, correlation analysis has showed that
breast self-examination has negative and weak correlation with stages of
diagnosing as (r= -0.127, Pearson Correlation), however, this correlation
is not statistically significant (P= 0.304, OR 0.520, CI 0.236-1.114).
Besides, Breast self-examination have positive and strong as well as
statistically highly significant correlation with patient’s doctor visited the
before being diagnosed as (r= 0.843, P value= 0.00001, OR 0.356 95% CI 0.0084-0.70). In addition, the reasons why they didn’t visit the doctor
before being diagnosed had also positive and significant correlation (r=
0.365, P value= 0.015, OR 0.112 95% CI 0.075-0.188). In conclusion, it can
be stated that patient’s awareness such breast self-examination and
regular doctor visiting which are influenced by socioeconomic status might
have vital role on breast cancer incidence and prognosis among Kurdish
patients
By: 1.Bahra Dilshad Hassan
2.Isra Sarok Naseh
3.Akar Fatih Osman
Supervised by: Dr.Sabir Wasman
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic health condition that affects the body’s sugar level in
blood. It is a very serious disorder nowadays worldwide specially in
Kurdistan Region. The major aim of this study was ethnobotanical study to
identify and how far Erbil patients depend on different medicinal plants for
the treatment of Diabetes.Erbil City, 40 people were interviewed who
were experiencing chronicdiabetic. The interview was based
on questionnaires which consisted of a variety of
questions. Additionally, there was a visit to 15 traditional herbalist and
collection numbers of medicinal plants. The study interviewed 40
respondents of the total number of interviews 57.7% happened to be
women and 42.5%were men. Most patient cases were 40% from age 40-
50 and the least patient cases were 2.5% from age (20-30, 70-80) people
with infected diabetes. Out of a total of 40 interviews with patient of
diabetic and got the names of 73 plants were documented from 35
families which Lamiaceae was having the highest abundance whereas,
Linaceae family was the least. Leaf parts were the most utilized part of
plant which was 45%. The usage of medicinal plants from patients
mostly combines 75% while about 25% were used as single. Most plants
reported to be mixed 37% of medicinal plants and least of plants were seed
fires 7% respectively. Most mode of administration of plants were drunk
47% and 8% of people tend to chew. Approximately 51% those medicinal
plants can be found in Kurdistan Region from 73 plants were
documented.The study found that Kurdish people are into using medicinal
plants for health care to cure diabetes disease rather than using pharmacological drugs. The interviewed individuals
believed that there could be a benefit from medicinal plants for their
situation.
By: 1.Delan Hassan
2.Bahar Omer
3.Fatima Salih
Supervised by: Dr. Mahmoud Abdulrahman Dogara
Abstract
Currently, there is no standard treatment for most viral infections in the
world. To improve the immune system, it is vital to recommend the use of
plant extracts. Medicinal plants are the finest way to boost our immune
system naturally. The study aimed to document medicinal plants
traditionally used by the Kurdish people in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.
Methodology: Expert sampling method was utilised in the study with an indepth interview guide. The study interviewed 20 respondents with
dominance of men 90 and women 10 %, respectively. Among the interview
respondents, only 35% did not attend western education. Fourty one
medicinal plants were documented from 22 families with Compositae (6)
having the highest abundance, followed by Fabaceae and Lamiaceae 5
species, respectively. Leaf is the most utilised part, followed by root and
whole plant at 36.1, 18.0, and 13.1 %, respectively. All plants are reported
to be boiled or macerated with water and drunk until fully recovered.
Highest fidelity value was recorded as 85% for P. atlantica, T. campylodes,
A. propinquus, G. kola, R. communis, R. officinalis and C. sinensis
respectively, the least are those with 55% fidelity value. The study found
that Kurdish people are consistently utilising medicinal plants for their
wellbeing. High fidelity values are found in the documented medicinal
plants. This study provides useful information for various fields, especially
in exploring the plant parts as a source of lead for future development in
the production of herbal medicine and in the pharmaceutical industry.
By: 1.Kani Rasu Issa
2.Shukria Taha Sewdin
3.Zaynab Sabah Shareef
Supervised by: Ms.Sawsan S. Al-Rawi
Abstract
Dietary supplements are substances that can be used to obtain particular
nutrients to be added to our diet to maintain a health status or
performance which extracted from food sources or synthetic. Dietary
supplements are offered in tablets, capsules, powders, or pills. Generally, it
is used to avoid illness, overhaul mental and common wellbeing, improve
wear execution, and compensate for dietary lacks. The aim of this study is
to assess the use of dietary supplements among undergraduate students of
health and non-health faculties in Tishk international university. A
questionnaire survey method was conducted among undergraduate
students of TIU in Erbil capital of Kurdistan region in Iraq. The
questionnaire was randomly distributed and consists of 3 sections: the
first section includes the demographic information of the participants,
second section included types of dietary supplements, reasons for use and
experience, and third section included student opinions, attitude, and
source of information regarding dietary supplement. Data from 250
participants was collected. The overall prevalence of dietary supplements
used was (96%). The most common reason for use of those supplements
was general health and well-being (24,8%), and the most commonly used
supplement was multivitamin (32%). The majority of students (82.4%)
did not suffer from any adverse drug reaction (ADR) that could be
attributed to supplement use, and students (86.4%) agreed that DS were
good for health, however, recommended their use based on a physician’s
recommendation (83.2%). Most students (68.8%) had an opinion that
using DS is necessary for all ages, however, (40.4%) of students mentioned
healthcare professionals as their source of information regarding dietary
supplement. The students who used dietary supplements tend to incorporate these products into their lifestyles as part of a broader focus
on healthy living. The most common supplements were brand products
and, multivitamins, and used for general health and well-being.
By: 1.Krdar Saeed
2.Sebur Hamad
3.Ahmad Ismail
Supervised by: Mr.Harmand A. Hama
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease of spinal cord and brain. There is
expand rate of prevalence as well as distribution of MS in the developed
countries as well as in the non-developed ones. The aim of the current
study was to determine the existed prevalence and demographic status of
multiple sclerosis patient in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan region of Iraq. The
study was conducted on a total of 466 MS patients who have visited
Sulaymaniyah Teaching Hospital and Shar Hospital in Sulaymaniyah
between 2007 to 2021. The collected data has included age, gender, cases
per year, and treatments which patients has taken. Frequency and
percentage analysis has conducted using SPSS program. Among the
patients 70.6% were female and 29.4% were male with female to male
ratio of 2.4 with mean of age 29.7. From 2007 to 2013 the population of
Sulaymaniyah was 579,571 and during these years 131 MS patients were
registered, thus MS occurrence was 22.6 per 100,000 population. Then, the
ratio has dramatically increased after 2013. As from 2014 to 2021, the
population of Sulaymaniyah was 694,875 and during these years 355
patients were registered, consequently, MS incidence was 51.088 per
100,000 population. In conclusion, the incidence and prevalence of MS are
significantly increasing. Thus, it can be stated that Sulaymaniyah is now a
medium-to-high risk area for MS.
By: 1.Lana Jabbar
2.Isra Dashty
3.Lina Ali
Supervised by: Ms.Sawsan S. Al-Rawi
Abstract
Tobacco use is a major cause of morbidity and mortality all over the world.
Tobacco use kills yearly more than 5 million people worldwide. The aim of
this research is to evaluate the use of hookah and other smoking varieties
to provide a comprehensive overview of tobacco use, including its
progression and prevalence among undergraduate students at Tishk
International University. A questionnaire survey was adopted to
investigate the student’s attitudes towards varieties of smoking. The
questionnaire contains the following sections: the first section consists of
demographic information of the participants, and the second section
consists of the questions related to the student’s behaviors toward
smoking varieties. A total of 150 students with different demographic
backgrounds participated. The data shows that (59.33%) of students
smoking tobacco daily and used to smoke in the past. The study shows that
among consuming tobacco products manufactured cigarettes (64.66%)
and Hookah (50%) were the most common types, and (26%) used vaping
or electronic cigarettes. A total of (70%) noticed health warnings on
cigarette packages, with (50.66%) of students trying to stop smoking, and
(64%) did not think about quitting. The study shows that males tend to
smoke more than females with (85.33%) and (14.66%) respectively. This
might be associated with cultural and behavioral reasons, the study
reported that students residing in urban areas and staying with family are
more likely tend to smoke. This is because of the significant association
between the smoking of family or the influence of smoking by family
members. The results show that students noticed health warnings on
cigarette packages that did not lead them to think about quitting smoking.
It can be concluded that smoking varieties are increasing over time and becoming a major public health problem, which means more policies are
needed to control smoking.
By: 1.Mahadi Fuad Ahmed
Supervised by: Dr. Mahmoud Abdulrahman Dogara
Abstract
Medicinal plants are the primary raw materials used in the production of
medicinal products all over the world. As a result, more study on plants
with therapeutic potential is required. The emergence of new diseases all
over the world has necessitates the need for the exploration of plant parts
for the invention of promising drugs. To achieve this, prior knowledge of
the medicinal plants is needed from the traditional medicinal practitioners
and any other person utilizing plants for medicinal purposes. Fourteen
respondents were interviewed with the dominance of men. The study
aimed to documents medicinal plants from Bardarash of Kurdistan
region.The study adopted non purposive sampling using and in depth
interview guid. The study have documented 50 medicinal plants of which
leaves is the most used part. The study has reported comprehensive
medicinal plants used by the people of Bardrash to treat various diseases.
The is need for in vivo, in vitro and clinical trial to validate their efficacy.
By: 1.Payam Khdir
2.Nur Sabah
3.Mihraban Abdulwahab
Supervised by: Dr. Sabir Wasman Hamad
Abstract
Allelopathy is the biological phenomenon by which a plant excretes one or
more biochemical substances which has an influence of the survival,
growth and germination on other plants. Allelochemicals will excrete in
different parts of the plants by root excretion, volatilization, leaching and
decomposition of other part of the plant. The purpose of this study was
conducted to examine allelopathic effects of bay laurel (Laurus nobilis)
Shoot extraction on seed germination and some growth parameters of
rapeseed (Brassica napus), wheat (Triticum aestivum), mung bean (Vigna
radiate) and corn (Zea mays). Bay laurel dried leaves were collected in
Erbil-local market at the maturity stage of their leaves in winter-2021. Bay
laurel leaves were separated and we were grinded them, in order to mix
50g of bay laurel leaves with 500ml of distilled water, we left the solution
for 24h, after that we filtered the solution through microscopic filter paper
(0.4𝜇𝑚), then we stored at 4℃ until required for the germination test, then
we were centrifuged the laurus nobilis shoot extraction (1000rpm) for
10min, for the seed germination we started to prepare 60 petri dishes
which include 15 petri dishes for each seed on their own group, done with
(3) replication which included different concentration, (0%, 5%, 7.5% and
10%). Randomly customized the seeds inside each petri dishes, then we
left to grow for 7 days. Shoot extraction on seed germination and some
growth parameters of (Brassica napus), (Triticum aestivum), (Vigna
radiate) and (Zea mays). We used Tukey’s (P≤0.05) to calculate significant
differences between mean. The result showed that higher concentration
(7.5%, 10%) of shoot extraction of Laurus nobilis, reduced the seeds
germination significantly, and the lowest concentration (%2.5) had least
negative impact on seed germination. common Bay laurel can be used as a
bio-herbicide to suppress weed seed germination and growth.
By: 1.Rabar Muhammed
2.Omed Salih
3.Dindar khalid
Supervised by: Dr.Aziza Kavlu
Abstract
In the few past decades, the study of emotional intelligence has been
widely researched and has emerged as an important attribute for
predicting success. Humanity has become increasingly concerned about
the role played by emotional components in both the academic success of
students and their interpersonal skills. There are many possible personal
and social benefits of combining an emphasis on emotional intelligence.
This study aimed at determining the effect of emotional intelligence and
inspection the relationships between emotional intelligence and high
school students ‘academic performance in the biology classes in the private
school in Erbil. In this research method, a valid questionnaire was
employed which was composed of four different components that each
measured students’ emotional intelligence from one of the private high
schools in Erbil. Students’ Biology midterm exam results were officially
asked for and obtained from the vice-principal of the school. The obtained
data from questionnaires and students’ academic performance results in
Biology were statistically analyzed by SPSS (Statistical Package for the
Social Sciences-22). As a result, the study showed that emotional
intelligence had a considerable influence on students’ achievement. In a
conclusion, the study revealed that emotional intelligence positively
affects students’ academic achievement and makes students more involved
in their academic studies.
By: 1.Rabar Hussein1
2.Rawsht Sdiq
3.Pshu Zanyar
Supervised by: Dr.Saber Wasmand
Abstract
Ethnobotany is a science that the old Greek people used in ancient Greece
to study and test the relationship which humans have with living plants.
Herbal medicine is used worldwide by experts and medical doctors to cure
and treat different diseases. The present study was carried out during
seasons (winter, spring, and fall) in (2022). The aim of this study was to
evaluate the use of plants in Duhok which are used as a treatment for
medicinal prepossess. Ethnobotanical research was carried out to collect
data on medicinal plants used to cure human problems. Duhok City is in
the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, in the northwestern section of the country.
Tourism, agriculture, the oil sector, and a handful of minor enterprises
make up its economy. It is located 151km far from Erbil. This study
involved interviews of 17 individuals, 12 males, and 5 females, as many
age, education, and gender groups as feasible were used, and the range of
plant species (75), and families (50), were employed as medicinal plants.
The most dominant plant family was Asteraceae (8 taxa). scientific and
local names have been supplied. There were (64) herbaceous species and
just (11) trees. These medicinal plants are different according to their
different part and stage of use (seedling stage, leaves, shoot, fruit, flowers,
bulbs), mostly (flowers, and fruit). Most of these plants can utilize for a
wide range of purposes (spice, salad, boiled, jam, eaten raw, tea, etc.). They
mostly used by boiling and eating raw. The findings of this research study
have crucial significance for building a worldwide biological conservation
plan to conserve the exceptional biodiversity and ethnobotanical heritages
of the Kurdistan Region, particularly the Duhok Provence, which is noted
for its many ethnic groupings.
By: 1.Revan Rizgar Omer
2.Isra Nuri Saeed
3.Nida Benan Demirbas
Habip Bedir
Zanyar Othman
Supervised by: Mr.Habip Bedir and Mr.Zanyar Othman
Abstract
Since the Industrial Revolution, cities have been developing. These
developments have impacted the atmosphere in numerous ways. The
United Nations consider population growth essential for sustainable
development issues due to its adverse effects. The ecological footprint is
one of these approaches used to estimate the population and their
requirements for sustainability in our area. Our focus will begin by
examining some methods for assessing sustainable development based on
dependable indicators, that aimed to analyze the ecological footprint of
sustainable development in the Kurdistan region, Iraq. The results
demonstrate that the ecological footprint is 9.94 and the carbon footprint
is 18.09. If a citizen maintains their living standards in this way, they need
6.12 worlds instead of one world for each person in the Kurdistan region.
The recent study indicates that how many worlds they need if they keep
going with their lifestyle. Also, we suppose that the Kurdistan region is not
sustainable regarding the ecological footprint analysis.
By: 1.Roya Rauof
2.Gashbin Sabah
3.Shiraz Romi
Supervised by: Mr.Harmand A. Hama
Abstract
COVID-19 disease, which is caused by a new corona virus known as the
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), exhibits
a wide range of severity. This indicates that host factors impact outcomes
of the disease. The correlation of ABO blood group system with various
infectious diseases has been proven, including dengue haemorrhagic fever,
hepatitis B, and so on. The aim of this study was to find the correlation
between the ABO blood groups and the COVID-19 disease severity among
the Kurdish population. The study was conducted on a total of 300 COVID19 patients who visited Rzgary Hospital and Zheen International Hospital
in Erbil between April 2020, and December 2020. Collected data included
age, gender, severity of cases, and ABO blood groups of patients. Frequency
and correlation of blood groups was tested using chi-square statistic, and
odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated
between severe and non-severe cases. 186 males and 114 females with an
age range between 10 to 87 years of age were included in the study. The
frequencies of blood types A, O, B, and O were 33.7, 32.3, 21.7, and 12.3%,
respectively. Our study showed that there was statistically no significant
difference in ABO blood groups and COVID-19 severity as for A (P = 0.146,
OR = 0.560, 95% CI = 0.256-1.224), for O blood group (P = 0.308, OR =
0.520 % CI = (0.236-1.114), for B and AB (P=0.861, OR = 0.934, 95% CI =
0.436-2.00; and P = 0.530, OR = 0.768 , 95% CI = 0.337- 1.749,
respectively). The conducted chi-square analysis has shown minor to
moderate correlation between ABO blood group and COVID-19 severity
and a Phi value of 0.110. However, statistically no significance was found,
as the p-value was 0.304 in chi square analysis as indicated.
By: 1.Sana Hassan Muhammad
2.Sana Hassan Ahmed
3.Soma Abdulla
Supervised by: Ms.Sawsan S. Al-Rawi
Abstract
Introduction Hepatitis B is the inflammation of the liver tissues, which is
caused by a viral infection. It can cause chronic infection and can be fatal
as a result of cirrhosis and liver cancer. Hepatitis B infects 1.2 million
people yearly, and the purpose of this research is to detect the risk
behaviors of Hepatitis B virus among undergraduate students of Tishk
International University. Methods: a questionnaire survey method was
conducted among undergraduate students of TIU in Erbil capital of
Kurdistan region in Iraq. A questionnaire was randomly distributed and
consists of 2 sections; the first section includes the demographic
information of the participants and second section included 11 behavior
risk factors. A linear regression model was examined to show the
relationship between socio-demographic factors and 11 risk behaviors of
hepatitis B virus infection. Results: A total of 200 participant were
interviewed face to face at each department and revealed that the most
common high-risk behaviors of HBV among Tishk International University
students were sharing nail cutter (79%), sharing razors (55.5%), body
Piercing (51%), Sharing toothbrushes (23%). The prevalence of risk
behaviors (% of those engaging in a behavior rarely or more often) varied
by gender. In this study we have twelve departments; unexpectedly the
pharmacy department was significantly associated with several risk factor
exposures, which were related to body hygiene including sharing razors
(p≤ 0.005) and sharing nail cutters (p≤0.000). Also, nursing department
was having few significant risk factors including sharing razors (p≤0.033)
and sharing nail cutters (p≤0.000). Other departments have less risk
factor exposures compared to pharmacy and nursing departments.
Conclusions: This study concludes that the transmissions of hepatitis B are
high among undergraduate students of TIU, therefore, personal hygiene is recommended to control its transmission. Additionally, vaccination
against HBV infection is needed to reduce its spread and mortality rate.
By: 1.Sayran Asaad Hassan
2.Giaband Abdulrahman maghdid
3.Amina luqman Muhammad
Supervised by: Dr.Mahmoud Abdulrahman Dogara
Abstract
Medicinal plants are an important source of drugs in whole of the world. It
has been estimated that more than 70% of the world population relies on
traditional herbal medicine. Unfortunately, the knowledge is passed from
generation to generation verbally without documentation. The study aims
to document medicinal plants used by the Kurdish people in Rania for the
treatment of various ailments. Non-purposive sampling was employed in
the study with an in-depth interview guide. Results 100 people were
interviewed of which reported 60 medicinal plants were documented and
used for the treatment of various diseases like stomach pain, headache, and
fever. Leaves were reported as the most used part of the plant and
prepared with the aid of decoction. the study found the city to be rich in
the utilization of medicinal for the treatment of ailments. The study
recommends further studies should be carried out to validate the efficacy
of the documented use of plants in the study.
By: 1.Shaima Ibrahim Fakhir
2.Zahra Wali Majid
3.Baxcha Qasim Hama
Supervised by: Mr.Sawsan S. Al Rawi
Abstract
Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) need to be
treated well and need to be educated. Centers are the first place to educate
children diagnosed with autism (ASD). This study aims to evaluate the
treatment and services for children with autism disabilities as well as
parents’ perception of these centers’ services and treatment. Data
was collected from five centers about their treatment strategies and
services. Our goal was to find out about their classes and the numbers of
students in each class, the types of toys and games in teaching, and
teachers’ qualifications. We also interviewed 10 parents to evaluate the
children’s ages, genders, nationalities, health insurance, family income,
and parents’ education, and to know if they use any type of medicine and
social training in centers. The data shows that the classes in all five centers
were between 12 to 18 classes and 5 to 10 students in each class, whereas
100% of teachers were general education teachers. All centers have
physicians or nurses, 80% of centers have transportation and 20% didn’t
have it, while 80% of centers have parents meeting and 20% don’t care
about that. Children who used sleep medication treatment were
20%, anxiety s 10%, and 70% did not use any medicine at all. About 20%
of children used medicine once per week, 20% used it daily, and 60% did
not use anything at all. All centers did social training and others daily. All
children were Kurdish, 80% were males and 20% were females. 60% of
parents had a degree and 40% didn’t have a degree. Some centers
have tablets and projectors, but some did not use technology. This shows
that these centers have good services and take good care of children which
helps in understanding the child’s needs to help him improve his skill.
By: 1.Bzhar Baxtyar
2.Nyaz Abubakr
3.Shaima Muhamad
Supervised by: Dr.Mahmoud Abdulrahman Dogara
Abstract
Medicinal plants have been the major source of combating and treating
infectious diseases and health disorders throughout the ages. To explore
new sources of inexpensive and safe antioxidants and antibiotics. Plants
with therapeutic value are still the only way forward for health care as
their acceptance has grown all over the world. Syzygium aromaticum is
known for its antibacterial properties against a variety of harmful
microorganisms. The study aimed to evaluate Syzygium aromaticum
against some selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains.
The methods: ethanolic and aqueous extract was used against some
selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains at different
concentrations 1 and 2 g/mL, respectively, using ager method. Results: The
moderate zone of inhibition was recorded with both extracts with the
highest inhibition zone of ethanolic extract against Pseudomonas
aeruginosa at 4 mm. Conclusion: Syzygium aromaticum will be an excellent
resource for the creation of antioxidant supplements and medicines to
combat infectious diseases and improve health status.
By: 1.Shalur Saadulla
2.Noorhuda Barzan
3.Noor Ramazan
Supervised by: Dr.Mohammed Merza
Abstract
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is one of the commonest infections world
wild and can cause multi-systemic complications, hypertension can coexist with diabetes and incline to diabetes complications, both micro and
macro-vascular. Objective: to assess hypertension, Diabetes mellitus and
their relationships in Erbil city, Kurdistan region of Iraq. To get a better
understanding of the relation between the Diabetes mellitus and
hypertension among Kurdish patients. Because detection and treatment of
dyslipidemia is one means of reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk,
determination of serum lipid levels in patients with diabetes is now
considered a standard of care. We tried to investigate the relationship
between hypertension and DM in Erbil city. To figure out how gender, age,
smoking, and being obese can impact on the coexistence of these two
diseases. Materials and Methods: Hundred and twenty-two diabetics were
tested for hypertension using a sphygmomanometer in the cardiac center
to assess their blood pressure in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan Province Some
Other data collected included age, sex, DM form, weight, height, body mass
index, and the ratio of waist hip. Results: Fifty nine out of 122 those with
hypertension yielded. Hypertension incidence in those with type 1
diabetes increases from 5% at 10 years, to 33 % at 20 years, and 70 % at
40 years. The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes is in close relation.
The blood pressure usually starts to increase within the normal range after
the start of hyperglycemia, or within a few years. Conclusions:
Hypertension is normal in DM patients. This study has shown that blood
pressure regulation decreases the microvascular and macrovascular DM
complications. The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes is in close
relation. The blood pressure usually starts to increase within the normal
range after the start of hyperglycemia, or within a few years.
By: 1.SSozyar Muhammad
2.Niga Jamil
3.Esmail Khalil
Supervised by: Dr.Saber Wasman
Abstract
Herbal and plant extracts are being applied to a wide range of foods against
different types of foodborne pathogens. Pomegranate extraction content
has antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Bacteria are the common
pathogenic that cause diseases and produce resistances against antibiotics.
The aim of this study was to evaluate antibacterial activities of aqueous
and ethanol extracts of (peel, bark, and seed) of pomegranate against 4
types of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes,
Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae). The methods: three different
parts of pomegranate are used for extraction (seed, peel, and bark). Each
part was separately, dried and ground into powder by an electric blender.
The extracts were prepared by placing (10g) of (seed, peel, bark) powder
in a baker and with 100 ml of distilled (water or ethanol) extracts filtered.
Then bacteria were subculture and incubated. An agar-well diffusion
method was used. The antibacterial activity was estimated by measuring
the diameter of the inhibition zone around wells of tested bacteria. The
antimicrobial activity of four different concentrations (0.5, 1, and 2ml) of
ethanol and aqueous Pomegranate extracts were evaluated. Results: the
results showed that ethanol bark extract was more effective in comparison
with aqueous bark extract and other extracts of ethanol against bacterial
isolates. The effect of ethanol extract shows inhibition zone diameter
ranging between (9±to 23mm). The concentration of (2mlg/2ml) of bark
ethanol extracts, revealed the highest inhibition zone with S.t pyogenes
(23mm). This study showed the antimicrobial activities of pomegranate of
ethanol and aqueous seed extracts against types of bacteria. Thus, ethanol
extract was more effective than aqueous extract against bacteria.
Conclusion: the results of the present study for antibacterial activity ofpomegranate extracts give pharmacists a chance to use them in the
alternative therapy.
By: 1.Sumaya Barzan Ismail
Supervised by: Mrs. Sawsan Hamed
Abstract
Calcification is the calcium stores develop in the walls of the conduits, prompting solidifying and
limiting of the veins. This can build the gamble of cardiovascular sickness, including coronary
failures and strokes. This study meant to explore the calcification dispersion example of the
coronary courses among diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Around 200 cases were gathered from
Careful Specialty Cardiovascular focus, Erbil, , the essential place for the treatment and
examination of heart illnesses in Kurdistan district. Segment data was gathered and examined to
analyze the commonness of calcified coronary corridors among diabetic and non-diabetic patients,
family ancestry and other gamble factors. Cardiovascular issues, like calcified course or introduced
indistinct processed tomography (CT) examine results were looked at between the two gatherings.
Information on the pervasiveness of calcification in various coronary conduits, including right
coronary vein (RCA), left principal course (LMA), left foremost dropping corridor (Chap), and
left circumflex supply route (LCX), were dissected. The investigation discovered that just 88 out
of the 200 cases had diabetes, and the leftover cases were non-diabetic. Calcification of the
coronary veins was tracked down in both diabetic and non-diabetic people. The predominance of
calcified coronary corridors was seen as higher among non-diabetic contrasted with diabetic
patients. The outcomes showed that Fellow calcification cases were the most noteworthy followed
by RCA, LCX and LMA. A few gamble factors were seen as adding to heart sicknesses like
hypertension, corpulence, smoking, hypocholesterolemia, and family ancestry. This study gives
experiences into the appropriation example of blood vessel calcification among diabetic and nondiabetic patients in Erbil, Kurdistan Area Iraq. The outcomes underline the significance of
considering factors in surveying the gamble of calcified coronary courses, especially in the Fellow.
Notwithstanding, it is essential to take note of that further exploration with bigger and more
different examples is expected to approve and sum up these discoveries..
By: Zhin Ahmad Mahmood
Supervised by: Mr. Harmand H. Ali
Abstract:
Thyroid cancer is an endocrine cancer which originates in the cells of the thyroid gland that can
be affected by demographic factors such as age and gender. The purpose of the study is to assess
the demographic status of thyroid cancer patients to understand the patterns of incidence of thyroid
cancer in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and to identify risk factors for the disease.
In this retrospective study, a comprehensive analysis was performed on 684 patients who sought
medical attention at Hiwa Cancer Hospital during the period spanning from January 2010 to
December 2022. The findings demonstrate an upward trend in case registration over the past ten
years, with 2019 recording the greatest number of cases. The patients’ ages ranged from 12 to 82,
with a mean age of 42.7. According to their gender 77.64% of them were female and 22.34% were
male (ratio: 3.47:1). In addition, it was found that living place can have impact on the disease for
the reason that 484(77.76%) of patients were urban and 200(29.24%) were rural. In conclusion it
was discovered that demographic features are correlated with thyroid cancer and women are in
higher risk to be diagnosed with the disease.
By: Abdulbaqy Sadiq Salih
Supervised by: Asst. Prof. Dr. Saber Wasman Hamad
Abstract:
A chronic medical disorder called hypertension (HTN), often known as high blood pressure, causes
an increase in the systemic arterial blood pressure. This study’s primary objective was to identify
and determine the extent to which Erbil residents depend on various medicinal plants for the
treatment of hypertension through ethnobotanical research. The questionnaires used as the basis
for the interview contained a wide range of questions. In addition, 13 traditional herbalists were
visited, and a number of therapeutic herbs were collected. The different parts of plants were
utilized among hypertension patients such as leave seed, root, fruit, flower, bulb, and stem. Leaf
parts were the most utilized part of plant which was 35% taken after by seed 15%, root 9%, fruit
24%, flower 0%, bulb 9% and stem 8 %, and 68% of patients combined their use of medicinal
herbs, whereas 32% utilized just one plant. The preparation process includes mixing, boiling, seed
burning, and direct methods. Most plants were said to be mixed 9%, followed by boiling 19% and
direct 7%, while at least 4% of plants were reported to have had seed fires. According to the study,
Kurdish people prefer using medicinal plants to treat hypertension than using pharmacological
drugs, the people who were interviewed thought that using medicinal herbs might be advantageous
for them.
By: Abdurahman Hasan Babaker
Supervised by: Asst. Prof. Dr. Abdulrahman M. Dogara
Abstract :
The biodiversity of the plant is critical in providing essential human requirements. The available
data are shown that there are nearly 300,000 to 500,000 species of higher plants, even though not
all of them were identified. The study and identification related to wild edible plants are limited in
depth locally and globally and need to be overlooked in it. The study introduces and documents
different types of wild edible plants that are available in the Kurdistan reign of Iraq. Expert
sampling method was used to document the wild edible plants of the region. Twenty-five people
were interviewed for this study. Of the respondents, 56% were in that age bracket (40-60), while
28% were older than 60 and 16% were in the 20-39 age range. There were 60% females and 40%
males in the sample. There are 109 wild plants with known therapeutic uses. Fabaceae,
Boraginaceae, and Asteraceae are the most common families represented. The findings highlighted
the significance of wild plants as a source of food and medicine by providing a thorough list of
wild plants and their edible portions. Further research is required to develop cultivation and
propagation techniques for wild edible plants to reduce the pressure on wild populations and
increase their accessibility for use for food and medicine purposes
By: Brwa Akram Salih
Supervised by: Asst. Prof. Dr. Sabr wasman Hamad
Abstract :
A persistent autoimmune condition known as rheumatoid arthritis causes stiffness, discomfort, and
joint swelling. Since ancient times, traditional medicinal herbs have been extensively utilized to
treat a wide range of illnesses, including rheumatoid arthritis. An overview of the traditional
medicinal plant uses for treating rheumatoid arthritis is given in this abstract. Traditional medicinal
plants’ bioactive chemicals, which include anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and immunomodulatory
effects, are what give them their therapeutic potential. These herbs provide a comprehensive and
natural way to treat rheumatoid arthritis symptoms and enhance overall wellbeing. Among others,
Alhagi camelorum, Althaea officinalis, Arctium lappa, Artemisia absinthium, and Astragalus
arbusculinus are some of the traditional medicinal plants for rheumatoid arthritis that are frequently
explored. The study interviewed with herbalist 20 respondents of the total number of interviews
80% happened to be men and 20%were women. Out of a total of 20 interviews with herbalist and
got the names of 27 plants were documented from 15 families which Apiaceae was having the
highest abundance whereas, Lamiaceae family was the least. Seed and root parts were the most
utilized part of plant which was 32%. The usage of medicinal plants from patients mostly combines
75% while about 25% were used as single. These medicinal plants are different according to their
different part and stage of using (seedling stage, leaves, root, rhizomes, aerial, fruit, bulbs). Mostly
(root and seed).
By: Dana Luqman Qadr
Supervised by: Asst. Prof. Dr. Abdulrahman Mahmoud Dogara
Abstract :
Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is an internationally renowned fruit appreciated for its delicious
flavor, cultural importance, and diverse range of potential health advantages, thus making it a
valuable dietary option. Currently, there is a lack of information regarding the geomorphology and
medicinal properties of pomegranates in this region. Additionally, there is a challenge in
preserving pomegranates without the use of refrigeration methods. The aim of this study is to
document data on the ethnomedicinal value, morphological structure, and traditional storage
methods of pomegranates in Halabja, Kurdistan. To achieve this, samples of different pomegranate
varieties present in Halabja were collected through visits to local experts and farmers. The
collected data was analyzed using Excel to determine the mean value, also we used twenty different
morphological characteristics of pomegranate leaf to differentiate between different varieties of
the plant. The results of this study reveal the presence of four major pomegranate varieties in
Halabja, namely Amerîkî, Salexanî, sûrî, and Sazan. Additionally, four different traditional storage
methods were identified. Furthermore, the medicinal uses of pomegranate were found to be
extensive, with more than 20 diseases being treatable using different parts of the plant. This
research provides valuable insights into the morphology, traditional storage practices, and
medicinal applications of pomegranate in the Kurdistan region, contributing to the existing
knowledge of this versatile fruit. Still Yearly studies needed on pomegranate in Halabja and
Kurdistan region, because each new year farmers are planting a new variety of pomegranate and
every day new diseases are finding to be treated with pomegranate plant and its parts.
By: Danyar Ali
Supervised by: Asst. Prof. Dr. Abdulrahman M. Dogara
Abstract :
Olea europaea L., which originated in the Mediterranean region and some regions of Asia, is now
widely grown in many other regions of the world to produce table olives and olive oil. Olives are
a great source of essential nutrients and bioactive with potential medical and therapeutic uses.
Olive oil has been used for health purposes. Al-Nur Chapter 24 praises the olive as a wonderful
fruit (Quran 24:35). It will be challenging to distinguish between Olea europaea cultivars for
research on the manufacturing of pharmaceutical and herbal medicines. The macro characteristics
and therapeutic applications of Olea europaea in the Kurdistan region will be described in depth
in the current study. Macro features were analyses and purposive sampling was carried out to
document the traditional uses of Olea europaea in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan region, Iraq. The
study found there are three major cultivars of Olea europaea in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan region:
Iraqi olive, Syria olive and Spanish olive. The plants are traditionally used to treat diverse of
diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and hair loss. Overall, this study highlights the Olea
europaea plant’s traditional medical uses among the Kurdish people and offers insightful
information for further study and the creation of herbal medicines derived from this plant. Future
studies in this field can concentrate on carrying out pharmacological tests to verify the therapeutic
benefits of Olea europaea that the Kurdish people have recognized and investigating the potential
bioactive chemicals that might be present in various portions of the plan
By: Darya Dara Salih
Supervised by: Mrs. Sawsan Hammed
Abstract :
A major global public health issue that affects people of all ages is kidney disease (CKD). Dialysis
must be implemented as a crucial treatment option for people whose kidneys are impaired, making
them incapable of effectively filtering blood. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and
the survival rate of chronic kidney dialysis disease CKD in Erbil before and after covid-19. Data
was collected from Rohana Center in Erbil Kurdistan region, the main and only center for kidney
dialysis. The demographic information of patients who were admitted to the hospital for kidney
dialysis was collected. The data were compared before and after covid-2019, from 2017 to 2022.
The results showed the total number of patients on dialysis was 652 patients, with the majority
being above the age of 60 years old. Throughout all years, the number of male patients who are
doing dialysis was higher than females. The result also showed that the number of patients who
are undergoing kidney dialysis was reduced after covid-19. Before covid-19, during 2017 and
2018, the center received more cases from outside Erbil compared to after covid. Interestingly,
during 2021 and 2022 the number of received cases from outside Erbil increased again. Moreover,
after covid19, the number of death cases has increased significantly to double in 2020, particularly
among men. The study also revealed that renal dialysis patients had a median survival rate of 7 to
8 years. This report emphasizes the prevalence of comorbidities among renal dialysis patients. In
conclusion, this study emphasizes the necessity of more investigation to comprehend the reasons
behind gender differences and survival rates in dialysis patients in the Erbil Kurdistan Region.
These results highlight the value of individualized therapies and all-encompassing care for renal
dialysis patients.
By: Farida Hassan Ebrahim
Supervised by: Asst. Prof. Dr. Saber Wasman Hamad
Abstract :
Allelopathy is considered as a biochemical process which plants excrete several types of
substances which have allelopathic effects on seed germination and seedling growth of other
plants. This experiment was conducted to examine allelopathic effects of Melia azedarach aqueous
seed extract on seed germination and seedling growth of rapeseed (Brassica napus), wheat
(Triticum aestivum), and barley (Hordeum vulgare) The study was performed in sanitized petri
dishes for seven days at 22C0
. The experimental design was arranged for completely randomized
design (CRD). In terms of concentrations, (0%, 2.5, 5%, 7.5% and 10%) were chosen for this
experiment. The results showed that big concentrations (7.5% and 10%) aqueous seed extracts
ofMelia azedarach had significant inhibitory effect on seed germination while the least
concentration (%2.5) caused the lowest significant influence in seed germination parameter. Other
study parameters such as shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight were
significantly affected at concentrations (7.5 and 10%). The results illustrated that the B. napus
turned out to be the most sensitive studied plants to the application of M. azedarach aqueous seed
extracts. The findings of this experiment suggest that M. azedarach can be recommended to use
as an alternativeherbicide in the future.
By: Ihsan Kala
Supervised by: Heshu J. Ahmed
Abstract :
Orthodontic appliances in the oral cavity have an effect on the oral microbiota. This might have
severe consequences, such as dental caries or periodontal issues, which can damage the
patient’s quality of life. Microorganisms that develop around the brackets of a fixed orthodontic
appliance might enter the patient’s circulation during operations that modify the oral tissues,
causing temporary bacteremia. Transient bacteremia is strongly linked to procedures such as
removing a Haas expander device, placing orthodontic mini-implants, installing and removing
orthodontic bands, and even brushing with the appliance. Eighty-eight saliva specimens were
collected from individuals with fixed appliances and twenty-five from individuals with no
appliances, processed and prepared to be cultured. Blood agar and MacConkey agar were used
for culturing then results were confirmed and evaluated for antibiotic susceptibility, using
Vitek2 system. Isolation of gram-negative bacteria was more prevalent among individuals with
appliances that showed (21.2%) compared to individuals without appliances (5.3%), most
isolates were among people with braces (33%), followed by fillings (27.45%). Five (20.8%)
species of Pseudomonas were Isolated that showed different antibiotic susceptibility profiles;
However, the highest percentage of isolated gram-negative bacteria was Klebsiella Oxytoca
(45.8%). The high percentage of isolates of gram negatives in people with appliances
underlines that installing orthodontic appliances increases the chance of occurrence of gramnegative bacteria with incidences of resistant pathogens.
By: Iman Abdullah Hassan
Supervised by: Mrs. Sawsan Hamed
Abstract :
Lipid-bringing down specialists, for example, statins generally are usually utilized as a treatment
to much lower the cholesterol levels, which is genuinely huge. These medications influence the
appropriation of calcium in the body by affecting the calcium digestion which increment the
gamble of cardiovascular illness. Coronary Supply route Infection (computer aided design)
generally is the normal coronary illness around the world, which for the most part is genuinely
critical. This study planned to by and large examine the calcification conveyance design among
patients on lipid-bringing down specialist treatment and in a real sense decide any potential gamble
consider a major way. The coronary CT angiography reports that truly incorporate the calcium
score sort of were gathered from the conceded patients of the Careful Specialty Heart Center, Erbil,
Iraq in a significant way. The outcome certainly found that among patients on lipid-bringing down
specialist treatment, there was a different dissemination example of calcium store, for certain
patients showing raised calcium levels while others in a real sense had genuinely typical or
generally diminished levels in an exceptionally large manner. Out of the 200 especially analyzed
cases, just 70 patients in a real sense are taking lipid bringing down specialist. This proposes a
truly intricate connection between lipid-bringing down specialists and the calcification of veins,
which sort of is genuinely critical. Roughly 46% of patients truly were smokers, which generally
raises the chance of a connection among smoking and vascular calcification, which truly is very
huge. Smoking explicitly is a kind of notable gamble factor for cardiovascular illnesses, including
atherosclerosis, which can bring about blood vessel calcification, which is very huge. Roughly
64.29% of people with blood vessel calcification were over the age of 40, while 53.57% of people
with blood vessel calcification were females, and 46.43% explicitly were guys. This recommends
that blood vessel calcification may in every practical sense, influence ladies certainly more than
men in a significant manner. These discoveries sort of recommend that lipid-bringing down
specialist treatment may truly affect calcium dissemination in patients, with age and smoking
especially are huge gamble factors for blood vessel calcification in the two guys and females, or
so they most certainly thought. This perception features the significance of checking calcium levels
in patients going through this treatment to guarantee their very generally speaking wellbeing and
prosperity amazingly. Further examination for the most part is in a real sense prescribed to
explicitly investigate the basic components behind these examples and truly explore kind of
IV
possible ramifications for patient administration and treatment results in a by and large huge
manner.
By: Ismail Askandar Marouf
Supervised by: Dr. Saber Wasman Hamad
Abstract :
Ethnobotany is an interdisciplinary field of study that investigates the complex relationships
between humans and plants. It seeks to understand the traditional knowledge, beliefs, and practices
of different cultures regarding the use of plants for medicinal, cultural, and economic purposes.
The study of ethnobotany has gained increasing relevance in recent years due to global
environmental concerns and the recognition of the value of traditional knowledge in addressing
social, ecological, and economic challenges. This study’s primary objective was to discover and
determine how far individuals in Kurdistan Region depend on different medicinal plants for the
different treatment purposes. There were visitsto different citiesin Kurdistan Region includingthree
major cities (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah and Duhok) which the data was collected in herbalist
professional’s shop and medicinal plants were collected. The questionnaires used as the basis for
the interview contained a wide range of questions. According to the study, Kurdish people prefer
employing medicinal herbs to treat their illnesses rather than pharmaceutical narcotics. They think
that using medicinal plants to treat various disorders may be advantageous. Eighty-two percent of
the 50 respondents that were interviewed for the study were men, while 18 percent were women.
Out of a total of of fifty interviews with herbalists, 90 plant names from 43 families were recorded,
with Lamiaceae having the highest frequency and Linaceae having the lowest. The 35% of the
plant’s components that were used the most were the leaf portions. Patients often mix 75% of the
therapeutic herbs they utilize, with only 25% being used alone. The many parts and stages of use
of these medicinal plants (seedling stage, leaves, shoots, fruit, flowers, and bulbs) determine how
they differ from one another. (Leaves and seed) mostly. Most of these plants may be used for a
variety of things, including spice, salad, cooked and jam, raw food, tea, and other things. Most
often, usage involves boiling and eating uncooked. The results of this study are extremely
important for developing a global biological conservation strategy to protect the region of
Kurdistan’s outstanding biodiversity and ethnobotanical history.
By: Nazdar Hawar Zrar
Supervised by: Ms. Zhikal Omar Khudhur
Abstract :
Objective: A sudden blockage of the coronary arteries causes the severe disease known as acute
coronary syndrome (ACS), which prevents enough blood from reaching the cardiac myocytes.
This study examined the diagnostic and prognostic value of serum endothelin 1, malondialdehyde
(MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in ACS.
Methods: The study included 104 healthy volunteers and 90 patients with ACS treated at the Erbil
Cardiac Centre in Iraq’s Kurdistan Region. All of those who took part identified as Kurds. Serum
samples were used for MDA, NO, SOD, and endothelin-1 measurement, while whole blood
samples were used for complete blood count testing after excluding individuals with diabetes,
hypertension, and smoking.
Results: The results showed that no significant difference in MDA and SOD levels between the
ACS and control groups. However, compared to the control group (24.66 ± 0.508) the
concentration of NO was found to be significantly higher in ACS (29.07 ± 0.683) patients.
Surprisingly, the endothelin level was unexpectedly higher in the control group (150.2 ± 26.90)
when compared to ACS patients (42.59 ±1.920).
Conclusion: As a result, these results imply that an imbalance in the serum endothelin-1 level may
contribute to the pathophysiology of ACS. Elevated NO levels in ACS patients may contribute to
the onset or progression of the condition and may act as a biomarker for both diagnosis and
prognosis. It is necessary to conduct more research to understand the processes underlying these
findings and to examine the potential clinical ramifications of changed endothelin and NO levels
in ACS. Understanding these molecular alterations may help to create new therapeutic approaches
and reveal important information about the pathogenesis of ACS.
By: Rana Ozer
Supervised by: Mr. Harmand H.
Abstract :
Currently more than 25 million people worldwide possess dementia, the majority of whom suffer
especially from Alzheimer’s Disease. Recent studies proclaimed the risk factor of mutations in
APP protein in progression of Alzheimer’s Disease. Consequently, the current study aims to focus
on clinical significance, prevalence and types of sequencing methods utilized to detect and assess
the variants participating in pathophysiology of the ailment.
The databases of Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Elsevier were examined for
the published papers. The reviewed result showed amyloid depositions primarily leading to
plaques, are discovered to be highly associated with nearly 70 different mutational variants of APP
gene. Moreover, critical analysis mainly revealed the impact and role of APP; as it increases the
ratio of AB40:AB42, while decreasing the total AB42 levels triggering an aggregation of APP
peptides. In addition, 50 % of these mutations are reported to occur in Exon 17 following by Exon
16 (16%) and lastly Exon 14,7 and 6 by 4% each. Our results also suggest that most frequent
mutation occurred is missense point, deletion, duplication substitution and silent mutations
respectively. In conclusion, this study provides compelling evidence of the significant association
between mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene and the pathophysiology of
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD).
By: Rayan Muhammed Aziz
Supervised by: Ms. Heshu Jalal Ahmed
Abstract :
Patients with leukemia have a weakened immune system, making them more vulnerable to
infections. This study aimed to investigate the microbiology, epidemiology, and multi-drug
resistance patterns among leukemia patients with infections in Erbil City.
We collected 460 data from Nanakali Hospital, excluding duplicates and incomplete data from the
analysis. The results showed that 58.6% of the infected patients were female, while 41.3% were
male. The urine specimens accounted for 71.7% of the positive infection cases, followed by
sputum (8.6%), blood (8.6%), swab (6.5%), and stool (2.1%) samples.
The majority of infections were caused by E. coli (54.3%), followed by K. pneumoniae (32.6%),
streptococcal species (8.6%), Enterobacter species (2.1%), and Proteus mirabilis (2.1%).
Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Vitek2 system, revealing high resistance
against Ampicillin and fluoroquinolone agents. Conversely, the highest sensitivity was observed
against Amikacin.
These findings underscore the significance of comprehending the microbial profile and drug
resistance patterns among leukemia patients with infections in Erbil City. Such knowledge is
essential for guiding appropriate treatment strategies, optimizing antimicrobial therapy, and
preventing the spread of multi-drug resistant infections in this vulnerable patient population.
By: Shayma Muhammed
Supervised by: Mrs. Zhikal Omar Khudhur
Abstract :
Background: heavy smoking offers considerable health concerns and is linked to a number of negative
consequences on the body. This study aims to examine the relationship between smoking and biomarkers of
oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction (ED), and hematological parameters.
Methodology: One hundred four healthy males and 96 male heavy smokers were recruited for this study. To
achieve a homogeneous sample, chronically ill people were omitted from the study. Blood samples were taken
for ELISA examination of nitric oxide (NO), Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels, whereas whole blood samples were used for complete blood count (CBC)
evaluation.
Results: The results demonstrated a significant rise in MDA and NO levels in the heavy smokers group
compared to the control group. These results demonstrate an association between heavy smoking and
increased lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage. In contrast, the SOD levels of heavy smokers were
considerably lower than those of healthy controls (15.03 ± 0.164), indicating a weakened antioxidant defense.
Surprisingly, the level of ET-1 in heavy smokers was much lower than in the control group, indicating a
potential modification in endothelial function. In addition, the CBC research revealed that heavy smokers have
altered blood parameters.
Conclusion: This study emphasizes the negative effect of heavy smoking on oxidative balance and
physiological indicators, highlighting the need of quitting smoking and managing oxidative stress for the
maintenance of general health.
By: Khanda Tariq Salim
Supervised by: Ms. Heshu J. Ahmed
Abstract
The frequency of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is now
on the rise in Kurdistan region, and it’s now posing a significant threat to the
public health as these strains are showing resistance to multiple antibiotics. This
systematic review aims to shed light on the status of MRSA prevalence in
Kurdistan region. Major databases were used to conduct our search such as
Science direct, Google scholar, PubMed, and Hindawi using predefined search
words. Inclusion criteria included studies that reported prevalence of MRSA
among clinical patients in Kurdistan Iraq, then filtration and eligibility
screening was performed. The initial search provided (244 studies) of which
(only 14) met the inclusion criteria. The data demonstrated an increasing rate
of MRSA isolates especially in Duhok and Erbil with high detection rates of
mec A gene, Factors contributing to this variability include differences in study
populations, sample sizes, and methodologies. This systematic review
highlights the varying prevalence of MRSA in the Kurdistan Region. Further
research is needed to understand the epidemiology of MRSA and to develop
effective strategies for prevention and control in this region.
By: Aya Ahmed Qader
Supervised by: Dr. Saber Wasman Hamad
Abstract
Allelopathy is the process of one plant releasing chemicals that affect the
growth of other plants. This experiment was done to see if the extract that comes
from the stem and petal of Physalis Peruviana would stop seeds from
germinating and prevent seedlings from growing Rapeseed (Brassica napus),
Wheat (Triticum aestivum), Mung bean (Vigna radiata) and Barley (Hordeum
vulgare). The study was conducted in sanitized petri dishes for a duration of
seven days at a temperature of 22 degrees Celsius. Completely randomized
design (CRD) was used for the experimental setup. In terms of concentrations,
levels of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% were selected for this experiment. The
study results revealed that the aqueous stem and petal extracts of Physalis
peruviana, specifically at higher concentrations of 7.5% and 10%, had a
significant inhibitory effect on seed germination. On the other hand, the lowest
concentration of 2.5% had the least impact on the germination process. So, it
can be concluded that the strength of the inhibitory effect varied depending on
the concentration of the extract. The study looked at various factors like shoot
length, root length, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight, and found that
concentrations of 7.5% and 10% had a significant impact. Interestingly, the
results showed that B. napus and V. radiata, both dicots, were the most sensitive
plants to the application of P. peruviana aqueous stem and petal extracts. These
findings suggest that Physalis Peruvian, a common plant, could be a potential
alternative herbicide in the future.
By: Banan Muhammad Jamil
Supervised by: Assist. Prof. Dr. Abdulrahman Mahmoud Dogara
Abstract
Medicinal plants are natural resources that yield beneficial herbal products
commonly employed in the treatment of various illnesses. The therapeutic,
preventive, and curative properties of the medicinal plants being studied have
been extensively documented in Ayurveda and have been used since ancient
times. The genus Anthemis provides a wide range of morphological variations
and is well-known for its diverse species and ecological importance, includes
the daisy family. The purpose of this study was to present up-to-date
information on the morphology and classification of genus anthemis in
Kurdistan, Iraq. For the morphometric analyses, a total of 8 species were
identified Haussknechtii, Anthemis pseudocotula, Anthemis microlepis
Anthemis handel mazzetti Anthemis altissima. The multivariate analysis
revealed a strong association, in terms of morphological traits, between the
genus Anthemis. This relationship was characterised by both similarities and
discrimination. The submitted information will provide the standardisation
framework for drug exploration conducted by Anthemis in Kurdistan. The study
suggests conducting additional research on the anatomical characteristics,
newly formed sequence, and chemical components of the species.
By: Darun Mustafa Najmadin
Supervised by: Dr. Saber Wasman Hamad
Abstract
Medicinal plants have been prescribed and used widely for thousands of years
to treat various disorders and ailments in traditional herbal medicine systems
all over the world and over 70% of the global population relies on these
products. Unfortunately, in many developing countries traditional medicinal
knowledge have not been adequately studied, exploited or documented, these
traditional knowledge systems, either lost or transmitted orally from one
generation to the next among traditional health practitioners, so medicinal
plants are in danger due to poor relations between older and younger
generations. This study aims are to categorize and identify natural plants
remedies used in Halabja City to treat chronic disease and to determine how
much they rely on conventional medicine. To learn about the use of medicinal
plants in Halabja, this study has been conducted an ethnobotanical survey from
December 2023 – January 2024. The information was gathered from traditional
healers through questionnaires and in-person interviews. This allowed us to
collect the valuable knowledge of local healers and the specific plants they use
for healing purposes. The study identified 63 medicinal plants used for treating
diseases like asthma, hypertension, diabetes, etc.. Leaves were found to be the
most commonly used part of the plant, and oral administration was the preferred
method. The findings highlight the rich diversity of medicinal plants in Halabja
and emphasize the continued use of plant-based therapies in the region. This
research serves as a valuable resource for the development of herbal
formulations and modern medicines in the area.
By: Dlnya Dyar Bakram
Supervised by: Mrs. Sawsan Hamed
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a condition that affects women’s ovaries
and is characterized by hormonal and metabolic imbalances. This research
investigates the use of medicinal plants in treating PCOS. Papers were searched
using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. The searched keywords
were PCOS symptoms, epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, risk factors, and
diagnosis. In addition, the use of plant roots, stems, seeds, leaves, and fruit
extraction in treating PCOS. Our review result showed that the roots reduced the
number and size of cysts, restoring hormonal factors, normalizing ovarian
morphology, reducing the number of follicles, and raising FSH while also lowering
testosterone, improving menstrual abnormalities and hormonal imbalance,
enhancing ovarian function, and alleviating the symptoms of PCOS. Stem
extractions improve PCOS patients’ histological characteristics, lower testosterone,
improve ovarian shape, enhance fertility, reduce PCOS symptoms, lower ovarian
cysts, and restore hormonal balance, improve menstrual patterns. Seed extraction
enhances ovarian tissue shape, and regulates hormones, dyslipidemia, and
inflammation linked to PCOS, estrus cyclicity, metabolic symptoms, ovarian
volume and cysts, decreasing androgen, increased antioxidant, reduced ovarian
weight, raising progesterone levels, lowering testosterone, increasing follicle
numbers, gene expression associated with PCOS, regulating menstruation, blocking
steroidogenesis and lipogenesis, alters FSH, estradiol levels, induced ovulation and
lowering levels of luteinizing hormone. Plant leaves regulate testosterone, and
reproductive hormones, recover ovarian folliculogenesis, and metabolic
dysfunction, decrease ovarian weight and cysts, enhance ovarian shape, improve the
quality of oocytes, embryos, and reproductive function, and increase antioxidant
activity. Plant fruit extracts regulate progesterone, testosterone, and hormonal
balance, improving ovarian histology, improving metabolic indicators, reducing
ovarian cysts, increasing ovarian follicle formation, reducing inflammation, insulin
resistance, and adipokine expression, which improves ovarian diseases. This
activity is owing to the presence of saponins, flavonoids, and phytoestrogen.
Further research is needed to understand the potential and safety of plant extracts in
treating PCOS.
By: Elaf Jalal Tahir
Supervised by: Ms. Heshu J. Ahmed
Abstract
Metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) genes confer resistance to carbapenem
antibiotics, posing a significant threat to public health due to limited treatment
options. This systematic review aims to investigate the prevalence of MBL
genes in the Kurdistan Region. A systematic search was conducted in major
databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Hindawi,
using predefined search terms. Studies reporting the prevalence of MBL genes
among clinical populations in the Kurdistan Region were included. Screening
for eligibility and filtration of studies were performed according to predefined
criteria. The initial search yielded a total of (104) studies, of which (14) met the
inclusion criteria. A trend observed in the collected data indicated elevated
resistance rates to the last line of antibiotics, carbapenems, posing a significant
concern for public health as this resistance could potentially extend to other
therapeutic alternatives. Additionally, the most frequently detected gene was
bla VIM, further emphasizing the gravity of carbapenem resistance. Variability
in prevalence rates was noted across different regions, likely influenced by
variations in study populations, sampling methodologies, and geographic
locations. This systematic review highlights the varying prevalence of MBL
genes in the Kurdistan Region, indicating a concerning trend of carbapenem
resistance. Further research is warranted to better understand the epidemiology
of MBL genes and to devise effective strategies for surveillance and control in
this region.
By: Gashbeen Ayub Hamad
Supervised by: Mrs. Sawsan Hamad
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second deadliest cancer worldwide.
Angiogenesis is a vital process that is essential for the development of various
types of organs and for cancer development. This research aims to investigate
plant-based natural products with anti-angiogenic properties that target
colorectal cancer. These natural products have significant properties such as
those from leaves, stem barks, roots, and seeds with antiangiogenic properties,
in treating colorectal cancer. We searched electronic databases, including
PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. The searched keywords were colon
cancer, epidemiology, clinical features and symptoms of colon cancer, risk
factors, etiology, diagnosis, therapy, and prevention. In addition, various plant
parts with anti-angiogenic properties that are used to treat colon cancer such as
leaves, fruit, bark, roots, and seeds were also searched. Our study showed that
these natural products, which have been derived from plant sources, have
significant efficiency in inhibiting the growth and progression of colorectal
cancer by in vivo and in vitro studies. The leaves and roots extract inhibited
angiogenesis by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting metastasis, reducing oxidative
stress, increasing antioxidants, mitigating inflammation, and inhibiting
colorectal cancer cell line HCT 116. Stem bark extracts inhibited the growth of
angiogenesis in tumor cancer by inhibiting the induced nitric oxide (iNOS) on
colorectal cancer HCT 116, inhibiting COX-2, promoting apoptosis in HT-29
cells, and inducing necrosis. Seed extracts suppress angiogenesis by blocking
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), inducing cytotoxicity, apoptosis,
and antioxidation. Recent studies have shown that a natural product could be a
promising alternative treatment option for patients with colorectal cancer. It is
believed that this alternative remedy could potentially offer fewer side effects
than other cancer therapies. However, further research is needed to determine
the optimal dosing and safety profile of this natural product for human use
By: Hanan Nasuh Mustafa
Supervised by: Dr. Saber Wasman Hamad
Abstract
Plants produce many chemicals that have allelopathic effects on other plants
seed germination and seedling growth. This process is known as allelopathy.
The goal of this experiment was to investigate the allelopathic effects of vanillic
acid and coumaric acid on the germination of seeds, shoot length, root length,
shoot dry weight, and root dry weight of mung beans (Vigna radiata), barley
(Hordeum vulgare), rapeseed (Brassica napus), and wheat (Triticum aestivum).
For seven days, the investigation was conducted at 37C in sanitised petri dishes.
A completely randomised design (CRD) was used for the experimental setup.
For this experiment, concentrations of (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 PPM) were
selected. According to the results, vanillic acid extract at high concentrations of
(300PPM, 400PPM) significantly inhibited seed germination, while the lowest
dosage (PPM100) had the least significant impact on the parameter measuring
seed germination. Significant effects were observed at doses of 300PPM and
400PPM on other experimental parameters, including shoot length, root length,
shoot dry weight, and root dry weight. The findings demonstrated that the two
dicots, B. napus and V. radiata, were the most responsive plants under
investigation to the administration of vanillic acid. The results of this study
imply that co
By: Helin Amir Karim
Supervised by: Assist. Prof. Dr. Abdulrahman Mahmoud Dogara
Abstract
The Compositae family, sometimes known as Asteraceae, is a vast and widely
distributed family. The group consists of 13 tribes, 84 genera, and more than
240 species. Plants have historically been essential in the advancement of
medicine, mainly because they may produce secondary metabolites that may
have important biological effects. Plants were employed in diverse manners
throughout traditional medicine to address a wide range of diseases. Plants have
historically been essential in the advancement of medicine, mainly because they
may produce secondary metabolites that may have important biological effects.
Plants were employed in diverse manners throughout traditional medicine to
address a wide range of diseases. The aim of the study of this study was to
present up-to-date information. The morphological data will be analyzed using
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA)
to identify species relationships. Using in-depth morphometric analysis and
multivariate evaluations, this study explores the morphological traits and
taxonomic connections of Crepis species in Iraq. Sixteen specimens, covering
a range of Crepis species, were gathered from various locations in Iraq and put
through morphometric examinations, which included examining leaf
characteristics, size, shape, attachment, and organization. Based on
morphometric data, species relationships were clarified using Principal
Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA). The
findings showed that there is a considerable morphological variation among the
Crepis species, with different clusters representing species that share
comparable characteristics. Furthermore, the findings’ taxonomic ramifications
and conservation significance were examined, highlighting how crucial correct
species identification is to conservation initiatives. This work highlights the
necessity for multidisciplinary research and conservation efforts to maintain
Crepis variety and its habitats and contributes to the taxonomic definition of
Crepis species in Iraq.
By: Helin Jalal Khudhur
Supervised by: Dr. Saber Wasman Hamad
Abstract
Many substances that plant produce have allelopathic effects on the germination
of seed and growth of seedlings in other plants. This phenomenon is called
allelopathy. This experiment was conducted to examine allelopathic effects of
physalis (Physalis peruviana) aqueous seed germination and seedling growth
of rapeseed (Brassica napus), wheat (Triticum aestivum), mung bean (Vigna
radiata) and corn (Zea mays). The study was performed in sanitized petri
dishes. The experimental design was arranged for completely randomized
design (CRD). In terms of concentrations, (0%, 2%,4% ,6% and 8%) were
chosen for allelopathic evaluation. Results of this study indicated that both
extracts significantly affected seed germination and growth parameters. Its
worth to mention that physalis calyx and seed aqueous extracts were more
effective at higher concentrations (6 and 8%). Furthermore, physalis aqueous
calyx extract was more effective than seed extract. In conclusion, using physalis
as an alternate for herbicide in weed management could reduce pollution while
improving the ecosystem’s overall state of life in the future.
By: Kani Ibrahim Hamasaid
Supervised by: Mr. Harmand A. Hama
Abstract
Alpha-thalassemia is one of the world’s most common hemoglobin disorders,
which associated with deletion or point mutations in α-globin genes clusters.
Currently there are more than 200 different types of deletional and non
deletional mutations that occur in HBA gene that resulted in variable genotypes
of alpha thalassemia. Consequently, the current study aims to elucidate the most
common genotypes of alpha thalassemia among Kurdish population in Erbil,
Kurdistan region of Iraq. The retrieved data of 45 patient whom visited Zheen
International Hospital in Erbil between 2021-2023 is included in the study. The
frequency analysis for the collected data using Graph pad prism was performed,
which followed by Bioinformatic analysis utilizing ClinVar to find the
molecular consequences, and protein changes of detected genotypes. 25 males
and 20 females with an age range between 0 to 55 years of age were included
in the study. Among 45 patients 10 different genotypes in HBA gene have been
detected. The frequency of detection was [-ɑ / ɑɑ3.7] (, [– / ɑɑMED]
(44.4%,13.3%), [-ɑ / ɑɑ3.7]/[– / ɑɑMED] (8.8%), [-ɑ
3.7 / -ɑ
3.7] (8.8%), [-ɑ / –
ɑ
20.5] (6.6%), ɑɑɑ anti-3.7 (4.4%), [-ɑ / -ɑ
3.7] (4.4%), ɑ2 polyA-2 (4.4%), [-
ɑ / -ɑFIL], and [– / —
20.5] (2.2%) respectively. Moreover. The molecular
consequences analysis of detected genotypes showed that 4 were (missense), 2
were (3 prime UTR), and 1 was (deletion). In conclusion, detection of common
genotypes in HBA gene among Kurdish patients in Erbil facilitate us to provide
more information about alpha-thalassemia in Kurdistan region. However,
studies with higher number of patients enrollment are recommended to give
clearer picture in that regard.
By: Lana Dara Muhammed
Supervised by: Dr. Habip Bedir
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a serious type of mental illness that can have a huge impact
on personal daily life. There are various types of bipolar disorder. In order to
deal with bipolar-based problems, the current situation must first be identified,
and a plan developed to deal with the problem. However, there is a lack of
studies on bipolar disorder in the Kurdistan Region-Iraq. Therefore, there is a
need to present and analyze the relevant issues and raise awareness, especially
among students, about the importance of bipolar disorders. The aim of this
study was to assess the thoughts and opinions of 4th and 3rd year students
studying at the International Tishk University in Kurdistan region about bipolar
disorder. For this purpose, a questionnaire called “Mood Disorder
Questionnaire (MDQ) was administered to the participants. When the results of
the questionnaire were analyzed with the SPSS program, it was seen that there
were significant differences in some questions according to gender and
department.
By: Lanya Kosrat Ismael
Supervised by: Mrs. Sawsan Hamed
Abstract
Ovarian Cancer (OC) is the highly prevalent cause of death among all
gynecological malignancies. It is the seventh most common cancer diagnosed
in females. Plant parts are an alternative source of medicines that can be used
to treat a range of cancers, including ovarian cancer. This study aims to explore
the use of medicinal plants in treating ovarian cancer. The searched databases
include PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. The search keywords were
ovarian cancer, epidemiology, etiology, risk factor, diagnosis, treatment, and
plant parts extraction such as roots, stem barks, seeds, and plant leaves in
treating ovarian cancer. The results showed that plant components have potent
properties in treating ovarian cancer, via different mechanisms including
antiproliferative, anti-neoplastic, angiogenesis antioxidant, anti-α-glucosidase,
and anti-inflammatory pathways. The plant’s roots have been reported as
antiangiogenic, cytotoxic, antiproliferative, and capable of breaking DNA
damage of ovarian cancer cells. The stem part has efficient anticancer,
antiproliferative, and cytotoxic properties against ovarian cancer. The seeds
exhibited cytotoxicity effects, and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer
properties against ovarian cancer, and reduced the growth of ovarian cancer
cells by inducing apoptosis through a p53-dependent intrinsic mechanism,
while the leaves’ part showed an antiproliferative impact on ovarian cancer cells
and efficacy against ovarian cancer cells by inducing death through both
intrinsic and extrinsic routes. Each part demonstrates potential activity on
ovarian cancer, slowing the proliferation of malignant cells and encouraging
apoptosis. The research reported the presence of flavonoids, phenolic
compounds, phytochemicals, alkaloids, and antioxidants. However, the efficacy
of these plant parts and their substances varies based on the dosage,
bioavailability, and synergistic effect with other substances. Thus, investigating
the potential of plant-derived compounds in treating ovarian cancer is a crucial
avenue of research. The translation of these findings into clinical practice is
imperative for the advancement of therapies aimed at addressing ovarian
cancer.
By: Muhammad Ghazi Sleman
Supervised by: Assist. Prof. Dr. Abdulrahman Mahmoud Dogara
Abstract
For countless generations, indigenous wisdom has existed throughout the earth.
It is derived from the accumulated knowledge and wisdom of local individuals,
honed over generations, and passed down from one generation to the next. Rural
inhabitants, especially in underdeveloped regions, meet their daily needs
through self-acquired knowledge, existing beliefs, and customary customs.
Despite mushrooms having existed for thousands of years and being empirically
documented, the ethnological knowledge surrounding them is a relatively new
development. The study aims to compile the wild edible and poisonous
mushroom of the Kurdistan region of Iraq. The research employed purposive
sampling, utilizing an open-ended interview guide, thought the period from
December 2023 to May 2024. The study found twelve edible wild mushroom
and fourteen wilds poisonous in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Their significance
in contemporary pharmaceutics and nutraceuticals stems from extensive human
experiments conducted over time. Anthropogenic, ethno-graphic, and
ethnoecological/environmental factors have been linked to the underutilization
and lack of exploration of mushrooms. It is imperative to conduct research and
record indigenous knowledge systems to discover novel methods of harnessing
wild edible mushrooms for the betterment of humanity. Otherwise, these
mushrooms will continue to remain concealed in the forest and may face the
risk of extinction.
By: Nyaz Abubakir Murad
Supervised by: Mrs. Zhikal Omar Khudhur
Abstract
Gasotransmitters including nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and
hydrogen sulfide (H2S) play an important role in normal physiological
processes in the body such as neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, and
neuroinflammation. Dysregulation of signaling pathways of gasotransmitters
contributes to the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which
is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social
communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors.
Currently, studies claim the contribution of Gasotransmitters with ASD and its
levels of severity and symptoms. This systematic review aims to identify the
potential role of gasotransmitters in ASD pathophysiology and their correlation
with ASD severity. To understand and draw the overall impact and role of
Gastrotransmitters in ASD, papers that has been published in both Google
Scholar and Pubmed between 2000 – 2024 have been screened which were 81
published papers. After our screening and fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion
criteria, 29 have been decided to be included in this study. Results indicate a
correlation between gasotransmitters and ASD, which contributed to the
severity of ASD and its symptoms. A critical analysis of the data also
demonstrated the impact and role of gasotransmitters; mostly increase in
gasotransmitters causes additional complications for individuals with ASD and
can be mentioned as a risk factor or biomarker for ASD, except hydrogen
sulfide. On the other hand, the downregulation of these enzymes that are
responsible for gasotransmitter productions especially NO, and CO can be used
as a potential therapeutic target for autism. In conclusion, this systematic review
offers strong evidence of the significant correlation between gasotransmitters
and autism spectrum disorder
By: Omer Mohammed Abdullah
Supervised by: Assist. Prof. Dr. Abdulrahman Mahmoud Dogara
Abstract
Plants have been used for many ages as a traditional medicine to cure many
ailments and disorders. Approximately 80 percent of the population depends on
traditional plants as their main source of healthcare. Throughout human history,
individuals have depended on therapeutic plants to reduce ailments and bolster
their immune systems. The objective of the study was to record the medicinal
plants that are traditionally utilised by the Kurdish population in the Kurdistan
Region of Iraq. The study employed the expert sampling method. The study
conducted interviews with a total of 20 respondents, with 90% being men and
10% being women. Out of the interview respondents, a mere 35% did not have
a western education. A total of forty-one medicinal plants were recorded from
twenty-two families, with Compositae having the highest abundance of six
species, followed by Fabaceae and Lamiaceae with five species each. The leaf
is the most commonly used portion, accounting for 36.1% of utilisation,
followed by the root at 18.0% and the whole plant at 13.1%. It is recommended
to boil or soak all plants in water and consume the resulting liquid until
complete recovery is achieved. Although it has been declared safe for
consumption, this presents a significant issue as its safety for consumption has
not been scientifically proven. The respondents in the survey found no
indication of toxicity for any of the plants listed
By: Raman Azeez Mohammed
Supervised by: Mrs. Zhikal Omar Khudhur
Abstract
Obesity has become a worldwide health issue for both adults and children as
well. The prevalence of obesity among autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
increased, ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in
social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive
behaviors. So, our study aims to address and assess key common risk factors
like family history, sleep disruption, feeding issues, and physical activity levels.
Our study is a cross-sectional study performed at the Autism Emirate Center
and Bahoz Center for Autism in Erbil on 74 (52 male and 22 female) ASD
children aged 4-12 years who were diagnosed with ASD based on DSM IV
criteria. Anthropometric and demographic data were collected, accompanied
by the completion of three questionnaires: the Brief Autism Mealtime Behavior
Questionnaire, the Children Sleep Habits Questionnaire, and the Physical
Activity Questionnaire. According to our study result the prevalence of
underweight was 8.10%, Normal body mass index (BM) was 29.80%,
overweight was 54%, and obese was 8.10% in ASD kids. There were no
significant differences between normal/underweight ASD children’s age in
comparison to the overweight/obese group. However, the maternal BMI is
significantly higher in the overweight/obese group which is (26.85± 3.381)
while in normal/underweight is (23.47± 1.464). Also, there was a highly
significant difference in physical activity frequency/week and intensity between
these two groups the mean is (3.462± 0.4073) and (1.382 ± 0.4073) for both
normal/underweight and overweight/obese, respectively. In addition, dietary
restrictions and sleep disturbance correlate with obesity in ASD. In conclusion,
the rate of overweight and obesity is elevated among ASD children in Erbil,
Kurdistan. Factors that contribute to this are maternal BMI, low physical
activity, sleep habits, and mealtime behavior.
By: Rawand Rauf HamaSaeed
Supervised by: Mr. .Harmand A. Hama
Abstract
Human papilloma virus (HPV) associated cervical cancer and sexually
transmitted diseases are one of the biggest public health threats. HPV has
numerous variations that are classified into High-risk and Low-risk based on
their potential to make cancer. The aim of this study is to find the prevalence
common HPV genotype among infected women in Northern Iraq. The study
was conducted by retrieving data of 76 female patients who visited and
performed the HPV genome analysis at Zhin International Hospital in Erbil
between 2021-2023. The patients were grouped based on their age, and the
frequency analysis using GraphPad prism performed. The results indicate the
overall of 16 High-risk and 12 Low-risk HPV genotypes among the enrolled
patients. Moreover, the most common High-risk genotypes were HPV66
(18.4%), HPV31 (15.7%) HPV68 (14.4%), HPV16 13.1%), and HPV52
(11.8%). Moreover, the prevalent Low-risk genotypes were HPV11, HPV42,
HPV6 and HPV54 (13.1%,11.8%, 9.2%, and 9.2%) respectively. Besides, in
both High-risk and Low-risk genotypes the age group of 31-40 were most
prominent group showing HPV infection. In conclusion, detection of numerous
High-risk HPV genotype that have critical health impact on the female patients
suggest the seriousness of the situation and emphasizes the need for heightened
precautions. Moreover, research with more sample size is recommended for
enhanced accuracy and a clearer depiction of the situation at hand.
By: Rawsht Abdulrahman Abdulsamad
Supervised by: Assist. Prof. Dr. Saber Wasman Hamad
Abstract
Plants produce a variety of chemicals that have allelopathic effects on other
plants seed germination and seedling growth. This process is known as
allelopathy. This experiment was conducted to examine allelopathic effects of
physalis (Physalis peruviana) aqueous leaf and root extracts on seed
germination and seedling growth of rapeseed (Brassica napus), wheat (Triticum
aestivum), mung bean (Vigna radiata) and corn (Zea mays). Sanitized petri
dishes were used for this evaluation. The experimental design was arranged for
completely randomized design (CRD). In terms of concentrations, (0%, 2.5,
5%, 7.5% and 10%) were chosen for allelopathic evaluation. Results of this
study indicated that both leaf and root extracts significantly affected seed
germination and growth parameters. Its worth mentioning that physalis leaf and
root aqueous extracts were more effective at higher concentrations (7.5 and
10%). Furthermore, physalis aqueous leaf extract was more effective than seed
extract. In conclusion, using physalis as an alternate for herbicide in weed
management could reduce pollution while improving the ecosystems overall
state of life in the future.
By: Rebaz Saidgul
Supervised by: Mr. Harmand A. Hama
Abstract
Addiction is considered as the inability to stop or control the use of a substance
or behavior, which is one of the most complex neuropsychiatric disorders
known since ancient times. Variable factors have impact on the addiction
occurrence and recently epigenetics considered as one of them. Consequently,
the current study aims to investigate the potential correlation between
epigenetic modifications and their possible impact on the addiction. We
systematically reviewed 26 published studies from 2010 to 2024 in different
searching engines including Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed. Moreover,
any form of review articles, duplicated studies, publications written in language
rather than English were excluded from the study. The results indicate the
expression alteration of variable MicroRNAs including miRNA-132, miR-496-
3p, miR-194-5p, miR-200b-3p and miR181a-5p, miR-124, miR-181a, miR181, and microRNA-495 to be correlated with Opioid, Methamphetamine,
cocaine, and alcohol addiction. Furthermore, the CpG islands methylation
mainly in promoter regions of different genes associated with heroin, alcohol
and nicotine addiction. On the other hand, histone modification such as; H4K5
modifications on the BRG1 gene, Histone H2A monoubiquitination, and
GABA-Aα5 overexpression due to H3K4 trimethylation were found have
correlation with heroin, cocaine, and alcohol respectively. In conclusion, it can
be stated that epigenetic modifications have direct or indirect impact on
addiction by different way and level.
By: Rezhna Adnan Abdullah
Supervised by: Dr. Habip Bedir
Abstract
Loneliness is defined as a situation in which a person experiences a subjective
deficiency of social relationships qualitatively and quantitatively. There are two
types of Loneliness: emotional loneliness and social loneliness. To deal with
loneliness problems, the current situation should be identified, and a plan
developed to deal with the problem. However, there is little study on Loneliness
in the Kurdistan Region-Iraq. Therefore, it is urged that researchers conduct
studies aimed at exploring various background factors linked with loneliness.
The study aimed at exploring the correlation between loneliness and three
factors including age, gender, and academic discipline. For this purpose, the
UCLA Loneliness Scale developed by Daniel Russell, Letitia Peplau, and Mary
Ferguson in 1978, administered to the participants of the study who were
seniors at the Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq. When the results of the
scale were analyzed using the SPSS program, the results showed that there is
no statistical difference between levels of loneliness and age and gender.
However, it was witnessed that levels of loneliness are associated with
academic discipline, particularly in the seniors of the computer education and
computer engineering departments as compared to seniors of the Biology
Education Department. This suggests that the type of academic discipline can
lead to levels of loneliness as per its characteristics and workload.
By: Saya Kamal
Supervised by: Mrs. Zhikal Omar Khudhur
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder ASD is a developmental disorder characterized by
impaired social interaction and communication as well as repetitive behaviors
and restricted interests. There are many different pathways involved in the
etiology of autism including mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative
stress. Superoxide dismutase is an antioxidant enzyme plays important role in
converting superoxide radicals such us (O2
.) to less harmful molecules such as
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This study measures blood circulating levels of
SOD and compares them with age- and gender-matched ordinarily developing
children in order to investigate the possible involvement of SOD in Kurdish
children with ASD. In this study, 40 children with autism and 40 healthy
children were involved. The pyrogallol indirect spectrophotometric test was
developed to identify SOD, Serum SOD in the ASD group was (0.717 ± 0.017
U mg-1) and was significantly higher (p=0.036) compared to the control group
(0.665 ± 0.016 U mg-1). According to our study, elevated serum levels may
have a role in the etiology and development of autism in Kurdish children and
may be used as a biomarker or indication of ASD.
By: Sazan Qasim
Supervised by: Assist. Prof. Dr. Abdulrahman Mahmoud Dogara
Abstract
An arrangement of plant populations that coexist in a certain area and interact
with one another while the environment undergoes long-term changes is known
as a plant community. In addition to providing food and habitat for animals and
other species, plant communities uphold the functioning of the entire
ecosystem. In Erbil, Iraq’s Kurdistan Region, Sami Abdulrahman Park is an
essential urban green area with recreational, ecological, and aesthetic benefits.
The significance of the park’s plant variety notwithstanding, there remains a
significant knowledge vacuum. The results of a thorough inventory that was
conducted to record the variety and distribution of plant species in the park are
presented in this study. A varied collection of plant species, comprising both
native and invasive taxa, is shown by preliminary research. In order to illustrate
habitat variability and ecological gradients, the distribution patterns of several
plant communities were visualized using spatial mapping techniques. The
inventory lays the groundwork for management and conservation efforts by
offering insightful information about Sami Abdulrahman Park’s plant richness.
It is essential to comprehend the plant diversity of the park to improve
ecosystem services, support biodiversity conservation, and create sustainable
urban green spaces. It is essential to comprehend the plant diversity of the park
to improve ecosystem services, support biodiversity conservation, and create
sustainable urban green spaces.
By: Soz Hassan
Supervised by: Mrs. Sawsan Hamed
Abstract
Miswak (Salvadora persica) is a large, branched, evergreen plant, found in the desert
and dry places in Sudi Arabi, India, and Africa. Traditionally, chewing sticks are
used as a brush and for oral hygiene worldwide, mostly by Muslims as mentioned
in one of the hadiths of the prophet Muhammed (PBUH) before 1400 years ago.
This review presents the traditional uses of Salvadora persica supported by
contemporary research and emphasizes the plant’s pharmacological and biological
properties. Articles published in Elsevier, Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and
ScienceDirect databases were analyzed using related keywords. The keywords were
Miswak taxonomy, description, distribution, and its traditional use. In addition, the
biological and pharmacological properties of S. persica plant parts such as stem,
fruits, roots, and leaves in treating medical conditions or illnesses such as diabetes,
cancer, inflammation, microbial infection, cholesterol, and antioxidant activity. The
results showed that Salvadora persica has substantial pharmacological effects in
treating widespread diseases including hyperglycemia, human hepatoma cell
cancer, carcinoma, breast cancer, aspergillosis, depressant, anxiolytic, as well as in
treating COVID-19. Salvadora persica roots have potent antibacterial,
antimicrobial, antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, cytotoxin, antioxidant,
antiangiogenic, antiproliferative, and antifungal properties. Moreover, the stem
exhibited antibacterial, antioxidant, antibiofilm, antiviral, antimicrobial, antifungal,
antiplaque, antigingivitic, antidepressant and anxiety, anti-inflammatory, and
analgesic properties that help the human body. The leaves of the plants contain
mostly antioxidants with some other properties like antimicrobial, antinociceptive,
antibacterial, cytotoxin, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antileishmanial, antiviral,
antiparasitic, antidepressant, and hypercholesterolemia. The activity of Salvadora
persica is due to the presence of substantial amounts of vitamin C, flavonoids,
alkaloids, tannins, and essential oils. Thus, S. persica has been identified as a
therapeutical and potential adaptogenic natural remedy for human health.
Nevertheless, further research is needed to determine the optimal dosage and
explore its benefits in clinical trials before it can be considered a viable alternative
medicine.
By: Zainab Ozer
Supervised by: Assist. Prof. Dr. Abdulrahman Mahmoud Dogara
Abstract
The Achillea species are established for their medicinal properties, due to
bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and terpenoids. Taxonomic research
has elucidated the morphological, anatomical, and palynological characteristic
of Achillea, facilitating their identification and classification. However, the
taxonomic multiplicity of Achillea in Iraq remains weakly understood. This
study employs herbarium examination, morphometric measurements, and
multivariate analyses to conduct a comprehensive taxonomic description of
Achillea in Iraq. Herbarium specimens will be examined at the Salahaddin
University, while morphometric measurements will be controlled on specimens
to review leaf morphology. Multivariate analyses, including Principal
Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), will be
utilized to analyze morphological data and recognize species relationships. This
study investigates the morphological characteristics and taxonomic
relationships of Achillea species in Iraq through comprehensive morphometric
analyses and multivariate assessments. A total of 16 specimens representing
various Achillea species were collected from different regions of Iraq and
subjected to morphometric measurements, including leaf, size, shape,
attachment, and organization. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were employed to elucidate species
relationships based on morphometric data. The results revealed significant
morphological diversity among Achillea species, with distinct clusters
corresponding to species with similar traits. Additionally, taxonomic
implications and conservation significance of the findings were discussed,
emphasizing the importance of accurate species identification for conservation
efforts. This study contributes to the taxonomic clarification of Achillea species
in Iraq and underscores the need for interdisciplinary research and conservation
initiatives to preserve Achillea diversity and its habitats.
